In vitro and in vivo Effects of a Single Dose of Bupivacaine 5% on Donkey Chondrocytes

Single intra-articular (IA) injection of long-acting local anesthetics such as bupivacaine is commonly used clinically for postoperative analgesia, in particular, after arthroscopic surgery. Despite their widespread use, the side effects of IA bupivacaine on joint cartilage as well as hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects remain to be elucidated. The aim of this study is to assess the in vitro effect of bupivacaine 5% on donkey chondrocytes at different time points, in addition to the in vivo effects of a single IA bupivacaine injection on the middle carpal joint in a group of 10 clinically healthy adult male donkeys. In phase I, the effect of in vitro treatment with bupivacaine 5% or saline 0.9% on freshly isolated donkey chondrocytes for 30, 60 min, 24, 48, and 96 h was investigated using MTT and LIVE/DEAD assay. In phase II, in vivo effects of single injection of bupivacaine on the middle carpal joint of the donkey were evaluated compared with saline 0.9%. Biochemical analysis of collected serum and synovia was performed. Additionally, articular cartilage damage was evaluated using radiography, computed tomography (CT), catabolic marker expression via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and histopathological examination 96 h after injection. Our results showed that after a 30-min exposure to bupivacaine 5%, the viability of donkey chondrocytes was 97.3 ± 4.4% and was not significantly affected at the indicated time points (n = 8, p < 0.05). No significant changes in biochemical analytes of serum and synovial fluid following IA bupivacaine injection were observed, compared with saline injection (n = 5 for each group, p < 0.05). Furthermore, in vivo IA injection of bupivacaine revealed no significant differences in radiography, CT scan, gene expression of cartilage catabolic biomarkers, and histopathological examination. These results provide an evidence for the safety of bupivacaine on the donkey cartilage.

Evaluation of COX-2 Inhibitor Injurious Effects on Proximal Convoluted Tubular Diameter of Kidney with Favorable Impact of Lycopene in Albino Rats on the Basis of Microscopic Features

Objective: To analyze the harmful effect of COX-2 inhibitor on proximal convoluted tubular diameter of kidney, amendment by lycopene. Research Design: Experimental Research. Abode of Research: Animal House, JPMC, Karachi. Materials and Methods: 90-120 days old, forty healthy adult male Albino rats of 200-220gm weight were taken for this study and distributed into 4 cliques, set 1was chosen as control, in Set 2 Celecoxib was given 0.05g/1000g by gavage, in set 3 Celecoxib was given0.05g/1000g by gavage with lycopene 0.05g/1000g by gavage and set4 lycopene was given0.05g/1000g by gavage for 30 days. At accomplishment of study, animals were sacrifice and tissues were preserved for staining. Results: Inset 2 proximal convoluted tubular diameter became distended due to apoptosis of lining epithelial cells. They turn into low cuboidal from simple cuboidal cells along with ill-defined brush border at the luminal surface due to scarce microvilli and had disrupted basement membrane, however renal structure were amended in set3 which were given celecoxib with lycopene. Conclusion: This study reveals that lycopene amended the apoptotic changes of set2.

IMPACT OF HYPOXIA AND INFECTION ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF THETHYROID GLAND

The investigation aimed to study the microscopic features of the thyroid gland under the influence of barochamber hypoxia and staphylococcal infection in the experiment. Materials and methods of the study. During the study 30 healthy adult male white rats weighing 180–200 g were used. Morphological features of the gland were studied by histological methods. Results of the study. Analysis of the study results shows that morphological changes occurring in the thyroid gland cells are more pronounced in animals of the infectious group than in animals of the hypoxia group. Thus, under the influence of infection, atrophic changes prevail in the gland tissue, and under the influence of hypoxia, hyperplasia, and hypertrophy, proliferation and differentiation of gland cells are observed. This can be considered a structural reconstruction of the gland tissue and its adaptation to new conditions.

Electron-microscopic features of changes in the adrenal and thyroid glands in chronic hypoxia

The aim of the study was to study the characteristic features of ultrastructural changes in the cellular and extracellular matrix of the adrenal and thyroid glands in chronic hypoxia.Materials and methods. The study used the thyroid and adrenal glands of healthy adult male white rats weighing 180-200 g. The anatomical, histological, histochemical, electron microscopic and morphometric methods were used.Results. We found that the response of thyroid and adrenal cells to hypoxia is different. So, since the processes of proliferation in the cells of the thyroid gland occur faster and earlier, all tissues are restored on the 15th day of the experiment in the thyroid gland, and in the adrenal gland are restored only on the 30th day of the experiment. And this can be regarded as a higher degree of sensitivity of the adrenal glands to hypoxia, which is a stronger stress factor than the thyroid gland.Summary. The structures of the thyroid gland adapt to long-term hypoxia earlier, and responds to this with ultrastructural rearrangement – hyperplasia, hypertrophy and proliferation of thyrocytes.

Bioavailability comparison between a compound comprising hesperetin-7-glucoside with β-cyclodextrin and a mixture of hesperidin and dextrin in healthy adult human males

The pharmacokinetics of compounds comprising hesperetin-7-glucoside with β-cyclodextrin and physically mixed hesperidin/dextrin were compared in eight healthy adult male subjects in a non-randomized, double-blind, cross-over, controlled study. For 0–24 h, the area under the curve of total plasma hesperetin concentration after hesperetin-7-glucoside with β-cyclodextrin consumption was >100-fold higher than that after hesperidin/dextrin consumption.

Effect of variation in air conditioner temperature on peak expiratory flow rate of air conditioner users

As a result of increasing environmental temperature, use of air conditioner (AC) has become very popular specially in the urban areas mostly during warmer months of the year. Exposure to cold, dry air of AC on a regular basis can cause various alternations in lung functions of AC users which can lead to many future lung diseases. These alternations in lung functions can be influenced by the temperature at which AC is regulated. This cross-sectional study was conducted to observe the effects of air conditioner use and variation of AC temperature on peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of apparently healthy adult male and female living in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. The study group (group A) consisted of 48 apparently healthy adult male and female who were exposed to air conditioner for at least 6 hours per day for minimum 5 days per week for the past 2 to 4 years. They were divided into two subgroups based on temperature at which AC was regulated. Group A1 consisted of 24 subjects (12 male and 12 female) who were exposed to AC for at least 6 hours per day for minimum 5 days per week for the past 2 to 4 years and where temperature of the AC was constantly regulated in between 18° C to 22°C. Group A2 consisted of 24 subjects (12 male and 12 female) who were exposed to AC for the same period of time but where AC was constantly regulated in between 23°C to 25°C. The control group (group B) consisted of similar number of age, gender, BMI and socioeconomically matched subjects who did not use air conditioner nearly at all. Actual, predicted and percentage of predicted value of PEFR were estimated in both the study and control group using Minato Autospiro AS-507. Statistical analysis was done by unpaired Student’s ‘t’ test and p value 0.05 was taken as level of significance. In this study mean actual and percentage (%) of predicted value of PEFR were significantly lower in AC users in comparison to nonusers in case of both male and female. Between two groups of AC users, mean actual and percentage of predicted value of PEFR were significantly lower in the group where AC temperature was constantly regulated in between 18°C to 22°C in comparison to the group where AC temperature was constantly regulated in between 23°C to 25°C. Use of AC can significantly reduce lung functions of AC users and lower AC temperature is associated with more reduction of PEFR in AC users.

Small intestinal flora graft alters fecal flora, stool, cytokines and mood status in healthy mice

Fecal microbiota transplantation is widely used. Large intestinal microbiota (LIM) is more similar to fecal microbiota than small intestinal microbiota (SIM). The SIM communities are very different from those of LIM. Therefore, SIM transplantation (SIMT) and LIM transplantation (LIMT) might exert different influences. Here, healthy adult male C57Bl/6 mice received intragastric SIMT, LIMT, or sterile PBS administration. Microbiota graft samples were collected from small/large intestine of healthy mice of the same age, sex, and strain background. Compared with PBS treatment, SIMT increased pellet number, stool wet weight, and stool water percentage; induced a fecal microbiota profile shift toward the microbial composition of the SIM graft; induced a systemic anti-inflammatory cytokines profile; and ameliorated depressive-like behaviors in recipients. LIMT, however, induced merely a slight alteration in fecal microbial composition and no significant influence on the other aspects. In sum, SIMT, rather than LIMT, affected defecation features, fecal microbial composition, cytokines profile, and depressive-like behaviors in healthy mice. This study reveals the different effects of SIMT and LIMT, providing an interesting clue for further researches involving gut microbial composition change.

Randomized, single-dose, two-period, two-sequence crossover bioequivalence study evaluating two oral formulations of lamotrigine in healthy volunteers

Background: Lamotrigine is an anti-epileptic medicine used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder. The mechanism of action is to block voltage activated sodium channels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of 2 oral formulations of lamotrigine 25 mg in healthy volunteers.Methods: A single-dose, two-period, randomized crossover study design in - healthy Indian adult volunteers was conducted at Amaris Clinical, a division of Caplin Point Laboratories Ltd., Chennai. A validated high performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry was used. Lamotrigine concentration in plasma. Adverse events were determined by measuring vital functions after dosing. A total of 24 subjects were included.Results: The mean and 90% confidence intervals of the test / reference ratios for these parameters were as follows: The mean Cmax and Tmax of the test were 758.606 (157.453) ng / ml and 1.17 (0.50-5.00) hours, respectively. The mean Cmax and Tmax of the reference were 775.993 (151.654) ng / ml or 0.88 (0.25-4.00) hours. The mean AUC0-72 was 24142. 031±3641.691 (ng.hr/mL) for the test formulation and 24202.099±3742.957 (ng. h / ml) for the reference formulation. The mean test / reference ratios for Cmax and AUC0-72 were 97.92 and 99.82 respectively. The 90% parametric CIs for Cmax and AUC0-72 were 90.17-105.68% or 97.87-101.81%.Conclusions: The 90% confidence intervals ranged from 80-125% and it was concluded that the test product was bioequivalent to the reference product in these healthy adult male volunteers.

GASTROPROTECTIVE AND ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF POWDERED LEAVES OF MORINGA OLEIFERA AGAINST EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED PEPTIC ULCER IN MALE MICE

Moringa oleifera is used worldwide for its different pharmacological actions. In present study, the gastroprotective and antioxidant effects of M. oleifera were investigated in aspirin induced peptic ulcer in adult male mice. For that purpose, sixty healthy adult male mice were divided equally but randomlyinto 6 groups. Blood samples were drawn at 0 and 7 days of treatment. At the termination of experiment, the mice were slaughtered and stomach tissues were excised for histopathological examination. Statistical differences among treatment groups were determined by Duncan’s Multiple Range test at 5% level of significance. The results suggested that aspirin induced gastric mucosal damage significantly (P<0.05) increased the level of total oxidant status and malondialdehyde, while significantly (P<0.05) decreased catalase and total antioxidant capacity. It was concluded that M. oleifera leaves’ powder at the dose rate of 600 mg/kg is as efficacious as omeprazole by exhibiting gastroprotective and antioxidant effects against aspirin induced gastric damage in mice.