scholarly journals Longitudinal touchscreen use across early development is associated with faster exogenous and reduced endogenous attention control

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Maria Portugal ◽  
Rachael Bedford ◽  
Celeste H. M. Cheung ◽  
Luke Mason ◽  
Tim J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Attention Control ◽  
Exogenous Attention ◽  
Endogenous Attention ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Saccade Task ◽  
Video Gamers ◽  
Attentional Difficulties ◽  
Future Work

AbstractChildhood screen time is associated with both attentional difficulties (for television viewing) and benefits (in action video gamers), but few studies have investigated today’s pervasive touchscreen devices (e.g. smartphones and tablets), which combine salient features, interactive content, and accessibility from toddlerhood (a peak period of cognitive development). We tested exogenous and endogenous attention, following forty children who were stable high (HU) or low (LU) touchscreen users from toddlerhood to pre-school. HUs were slower to disengage attention, relative to their faster baseline orienting ability. In an infant anti-saccade task, HUs displayed more of a corrective strategy of orienting faster to distractors before anticipating the target. Results suggest that long-term high exposure to touchscreen devices is associated with faster exogenous attention and concomitant decreases in endogenous attention control. Future work is required to demonstrate causality, dissociate variants of use, and investigate how attention behaviours found in screen-based contexts translate to real-world settings.

The effects of long-term vigorous endurance exercise on the coronary arteries

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Coronary Atherosclerosis ◽  
Calcium Score ◽  
The Other ◽  
Disease Phenotype ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Summary Data

Moderate endurance training is known to improve cardiovascular risk factors, and prolongs life expectancy. On the other hand, there has been some discussion whether “too much” exercise might have a contrarious effect by accelerating coronary atherosclerosis. The goal of this review was to evaluate the current literature on the effects of long-term vigorous endurance training on the coronary vasculature. In summary, data point to an increased calcium score, and a higher burden of atherosclerotic plaque in male athletes compared to sedentary controls. However, the plaques found in athletes were more prone to be calcified. The pathogenesis and clinical relevance of this athlete coronary artery disease phenotype remains incompletely understood and represents an area of important future work.

The effects of long-term vigorous endurance exercise on the coronary arteries

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Coronary Atherosclerosis ◽  
Calcium Score ◽  
The Other ◽  
Disease Phenotype ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Summary Data

Moderate endurance training is known to improve cardiovascular risk factors, and prolongs life expectancy. On the other hand, there has been some discussion whether “too much” exercise might have a contrarious effect by accelerating coronary atherosclerosis. The goal of this review was to evaluate the current literature on the effects of long-term vigorous endurance training on the coronary vasculature. In summary, data point to an increased calcium score, and a higher burden of atherosclerotic plaque in male athletes compared to sedentary controls. However, the plaques found in athletes were more prone to be calcified. The pathogenesis and clinical relevance of this athlete coronary artery disease phenotype remains incompletely understood and represents an area of important future work.

Positive Emotion in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

2019 ◽  
pp. 297-311
Author(s):  
Ilana Seager ◽  
Douglas S. Mennin ◽  
Amelia Aldao
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Emotional Dysfunction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Future Work

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a debilitating condition characterized by excessive, pervasive, uncontrollable, and paralyzing worries about a wide range of future situations. Individuals with this condition frequently find themselves stuck in worry and tension cycles in futile attempts at reducing uncertainty and increasing control. GAD has been associated with substantial impairments in functioning and reduced quality of life. GAD remains poorly understood, and the long-term efficacy and end-state functioning resulting from treatment are weaker compared to other anxiety disorders. Some treatments (e.g., emotion regulation therapy, acceptance-based behavioral therapy) have improved efficacy, partly by targeting emotional dysfunction. Basic psychopathology research has focused on identifying the role of negative affect in GAD, so little is known about how positive affect is experienced and regulated in this disorder. This is particularly important in light of the overlap of this condition with major depressive disorder, which is characterized by low or suppressed positive emotion. Developing such an understanding is essential to further improve the efficacy of emotion-based treatments. This chapter reviews current and future directions in the study of positive affect in GAD. The chapter reviews the nascent research on positive affect and GAD, then illustrates dimensions of future work.

A Retrospective Comparison of American Women’s Spontaneous Conceptions and Gestational Surrogate Pregnancies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Lahl ◽  
Kallie Fell ◽  
Kate Bassett ◽  
Frances Broghammer ◽  
Maggie Eastman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Survey Tool ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Retrospective Comparison ◽  
Caucasian Women ◽  
Future Work

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the retrospective pregnancy experiences of American women by comparing spontaneous pregnancies with gestational surrogate pregnancies. Methods: Data were collected via structured interviews following an approved survey tool utilizing an online video platform. In total, 97 interviews were conducted. Results: Demographic data was collected on age, ethnicity, primary language, country of birth, education, and income level. Data revealed that a woman was more likely to have a pregnancy that was high-risk during a surrogate pregnancy than a non-surrogate pregnancy, independent of maternal age or gravidity (OR 7.22, p<0.001). A surrogate pregnancy had 4 times higher odds of resulting in a c-section (p<0.001) as well as delivering at an earlier gestational age (p<0.001). Further, women were more likely to experience adverse effects, including postpartum depression, following delivery of a surrogate child than their own biological child (p<0.001). Finally, the rate of new post-surrogacy chronic health issues for non-Caucasian women was significantly higher than for Caucasians (p<0.001). Women reported using the payment they received for their surrogacy for basic needs. Almost half of the women reported using the money to pay bills or get out of debt.Conclusions: These results are among the first of their kind. This study reveals that surrogate health disparities exist and that there may be long-term complications after a surrogate pregnancy. This raises important social, economic, and ethical issues related to surrogacy which must be further explored. Future work will build on this study and help elucidate the circumstances and consequences surrounding this complex issue.

Radiation protection perspective to recurrent medical imaging: what is known and what more is needed?

2021 ◽  
pp. 20210477
Author(s):  
Jenia Vassileva ◽  
Ola Holmberg
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Individual Radiosensitivity ◽  
Dose Saving ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Standardised Patient

This review summarises the current knowledge about recurrent radiological imaging and associated cumulative doses to patients. The recent conservative estimates are for around 0.9 million patients globally who cumulate radiation doses above 100 mSv, where evidence exists for cancer risk elevation. Around one in five is estimated to be under the age of 50. Recurrent imaging is used for managing various health conditions and chronic diseases such as malignancies, trauma, end-stage kidney disease, cardiovascular diseases, Crohn’s disease, urolithiasis, cystic pulmonary disease. More studies are needed from different parts of the world to understand the magnitude and appropriateness. The analysis identified areas of future work to improve radiation protection of individuals who are submitted to frequent imaging. These include access to dose saving imaging technologies; improved imaging strategies and appropriateness process; specific optimisation tailored to the clinical condition and patient habitus; wider utilisation of the automatic exposure monitoring systems with an integrated option for individual exposure tracking in standardised patient-specific risk metrics; improved training and communication. The integration of the clinical and exposure history data will support improved knowledge about radiation risks from low doses and individual radiosensitivity. The radiation protection framework will need to respond to the challenge of recurrent imaging and high individual doses. The radiation protection perspective complements the clinical perspective, and the risk to benefit analysis must account holistically for all incidental and long-term benefits and risks for patients, their clinical history and specific needs. This is a step toward the patient-centric health care.

Ramp It Up

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 302-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regan A. R. Gurung ◽  
Jana Hackathorn
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Course Design ◽  
Methods Course ◽  
Front Face ◽  
Models Of Teaching ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Long Term Retention ◽  
Introductory Class ◽  
Future Work

The introductory psychology (Intro Psych) course is the bedrock of the psychology major and the front face of our discipline. The class not only provides a foundation for students in the major but also provides a comprehensive portrait of the discipline for nonmajors. Despite a sizable body of research focused on pedagogy related to the introductory class, there are many questions that remain unanswered. We provide a comprehensive review of scholarship related to the Intro Psych course and discuss current practices and concerns related to textbook options, as well as teaching methods, course design, assignments to help students learn, and students’ learning outcomes. Finally, we provide five major suggestions for future work. We charge researchers to identify major bottlenecks to learning, design multisite studies, measure moderators of learning, assess long-term retention, and design/assess different models of teaching Intro Psych.

scholarly journals The GOME-2 instrument on the Metop series of satellites: instrument design, calibration, and level 1 data processing – an overview

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1279-1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Munro ◽  
Rüdiger Lang ◽  
Dieter Klaes ◽  
Gabriele Poli ◽  
Christian Retscher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Instrument Design ◽  
Data Consistency ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Ozone Monitoring ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Ground Calibration

Abstract. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) flies on the Metop series of satellites, the space component of the EUMETSAT Polar System. In this paper we will provide an overview of the instrument design, the on-ground calibration and characterization activities, in-flight calibration, and level 0 to 1 data processing. The current status of the level 1 data is presented and points of specific relevance to users are highlighted. Long-term level 1 data consistency is also discussed and plans for future work are outlined. The information contained in this paper summarizes a large number of technical reports and related documents containing information that is not currently available in the published literature. These reports and documents are however made available on the EUMETSAT web pages and readers requiring more details than can be provided in this overview paper will find appropriate references at relevant points in the text.

scholarly journals PERCEPTIONS OF LONG-TERM CARE RESIDENTS AND THEIR FAMILY MEMBERS ABOUT USING THE CONVERSATION STARTER KIT

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S157-S157
Author(s):  
Sharon Kaasalainen ◽  
Tamara Sussman
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Disease Trajectory ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Difficult Conversations ◽  
Advance Care ◽  
Future Work ◽  
To Receive

Abstract The need for a palliative approach in long term care (LTC) is widely recognized. However, advance care planning (ACP) is still rare. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of LTC residents and their families about using an ACP tool called The Conversation Starter Kit (CSK). This study utilized a mixed methods approach. Data was collected in four LTC homes in Ontario, Canada from 31 residents and family members during an interview after they had completed the CSK. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis and descriptive statistics. All participants read all sections but only 73% completed all sections of the toolkit. Participants spent an average of 36 minutes discussing it with their family members and/or LTC staff. Participants reported: a better understanding of ACP after using the tool (80%), that the tool helped clarify the available resources and/or choices (53%), and that they felt less apprehensive about ACP after using the tool (60%). Qualitative findings revealed many strengths (e.g., usefulness, ability to start difficult conversations, content and clarification), and weaknesses of the tool (e.g., redundant information, difficulty understanding the content and lack of information regarding medically assisted dying). Family members noted that the toolkit would have been helpful to receive earlier on in their family members’ disease trajectory, perhaps before being admitted into LTC. These study findings support the CSK for residents and family members to have ACP discussions in LTC. Future work is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the tool with a larger sample.

scholarly journals Formation of Stereotypes

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Cognitive Tools ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Diary Studies ◽  
Automatic Stereotyping ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Rapid Activation

The author of this paper explores the implications of automatic stereotyping in relation to social cognition drawing from the pre-existing literature. The current review is focused on how stereotypes are constructed, activated, maintained, and what cognitive tools are needed in order to change them. The construction of stereotypes is looked at in respect to the stereotype validity model, facial features, the mass media, and the influence society has on perpetuating stereotypes on a global scale. The neural correlates involved in the activation of stereotypes are discussed, including the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, and anterior temporal cortex. The current review also includes ways in which cognitive processing can be slowed down to prevent the perpetuation of negative prejudices. Based on the review, future work is still required in the areas of longitudinal and diary studies that look into the long term consequences of the rapid activation and application of stereotypes.

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