The regulatory governance conditions that support effective food policies for population nutrition: a qualitative comparative analysis

Objective: To identify the regulatory governance factors that lead to food policies achieving improvements in food environment, consumer behaviour and diet-related health outcomes. Design: Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) was used to investigate the relationship between regulatory governance conditions and population nutrition outcomes. The regulatory governance conditions examined entailed: high industry involvement in the policy process, regulatory design, policy instrument design, policy monitoring, and enforcement. Participants: N=29 policy cases in the policy areas of food reformulation, nutrition labelling, food taxation and food marketing. Setting: Policies implemented in 13 countries. Results: Comprehensive monitoring was identified as a necessary regulatory governance condition for food policies to have an impact and was present in 94% of policy cases that had a positive impact on nutrition outcomes. We identified two sufficient combinations of regulatory governance conditions. The first sufficient combination of conditions comprised an absence of high industry involvement in the policy process, combined with the presence of strict regulatory design, best-practice instrument design, and comprehensive monitoring and enforcement. Ninety-six percent of policy cases with positive impacts on nutrition outcomes displayed this combination. The second sufficient combination of conditions comprised an absensce of high industry involvement in the policy process, best practice instrument design and comprehensive monitoring. Eighty-two percent of policy cases with positive impacts on nutrition outcomes displayed this combination. Conclusion: These findings show the importance of regulatory governance on policy outcomes. They suggest a need for more government-led nutrition policy processes and transparent monitoring systems that are independent from industry.

DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-REFLECTION INSTRUMENTS OF RIAS LEARNING MODEL IN STUDENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION COURSE

<span class="fontstyle0">It is necessary to measure student spiritual and social attitudes to find out their attitude development in students ofenvironmental education course. The research aims to develop instruments utilized in measuring student spiritual and social attitudes in RIAS (Reading, Identification, Analysis, and Self-reflection) learning model implementation. Theresearch procedures consist of 1) needs analysis and literature study; 2) instrument design; 3) instrument development; 4) expert assessment; 5) instrument revision; and 6) instrument dissemination. The research instruments utilized include content validity sheets and construct validity instruments with assessment scale score of 1-4 consisting of (1) not feasible; (2) less feasible; (3) feasible; and (4) very feasible. The research results indicate that 1) the instruments of<br />spiritual and social attitudes measurement in the RIAS learning model implementation are feasible to be utilized in measuring student spiritual and social attitudes. It is indicated by validation score of 3.8 and 2) further research and development includes portfolio development to measure spiritual and social attitudes. The research implications become a practical reference for teachers and lecturers in measuring spiritual and social attitudes in learning.</span>

Can the design of the instruments used for undersized osteotomies influence the initial stability of implants installed in low-density bone? An in vitro pilot study

Objectives The aims of this study were to compare the initial implant stability obtained using four different osteotomy techniques in low-density synthetic bone, to evaluate the instrument design in comparison to the implant design, and to determinate a possible correlation between the insertion torque and initial stability quotient (ISQ). Materials and methods Four groups were identified in accordance with the osteotomy technique used (n = 10 implants per group): group G1, osteotomy using the recommended drilling sequence; group G2, osteotomy using an undersized compactor drill; group G3, osteotomy using an undersized drill; and group G4, osteotomy using universal osseodensification drills. Two polyurethane blocks were used: block 1, with a medullary portion of 10 pounds per cubic foot (PCF 10) and with a 1 mm cortical portion of PCF 40, and block 2, with a medullary of PCF 15 and with a 2 mm cortical portion of PCF 40. Tapered implants of 4 mm in diameter and 11 mm in length were used. The insertion torque (IT) and ISQ were measured. The dimensions of the final instrument used in each group and the dimensions of the implant were used to calculate the total area of each part, and these data were compared. Results Differences between the four groups were found for IT and ISQ values depending on the technique used for the osteotomy in the two synthetic bone models (p < 0.0001). All groups showed lower values of initial stability in block 1 than in block 2. Conclusions Undersized osteotomies with instruments designed according to the implant body significantly increased the initial stability values compared to beds prepared with universal drills and using the drilling sequence standardized by the manufacturer.

Development of a psychological empowerment measure for youth in rural Guatemala

Summary Psychological empowerment (PE) is conceptualized as a context-dependent construct, yet few have studied its applicability to youth in international settings. The current study used a participatory approach to design a measure of empowerment for youth from a rural, Indigenous community in Guatemala and aimed to compare this new measure to extant measures. Youth co-researchers (aged 19–22) collaborated in the development of four culturally relevant empowerment scales through a formative process involving classroom observations and focus groups. Newly developed scales and two widely used, extant scales were administered to a school-based sample of 273 youth (mean age = 14.7, SD = 1.6). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) showed that one of the newly developed PE scales called Self-Efficacy for Community Action (SECA), which was moderately correlated with the extant scales, appeared to more effectively capture empowerment in the local context than the extant measures. These results support the notion that PE is contextually dependent and suggest that youth participation may aid in instrument design.

Mathematical Refractive Thinking Ability in Multivariable Calculus: Instrument Design and Quality of Use

<p><em>Mathematical refractive thinking ability</em><em> must </em><em>be given in every lecture because it is needed in decision making. This study aims to produce a quality mathematical refractive thinking ability instrument, especially for calculus material. Instrument quality is measured in terms of validity and reliability. Content validity, con</em><em>s</em><em>tr</em><em>u</em><em>ct validity and face validity were assessed by three material experts. The instrument was tested </em><em>by</em><em> 32 mathematics education students to measure empirical validity and reliability. This research resulted in three items of mathematical refractive thinking ability tests that are valid and have instrument reliability in the medium category.</em><em></em></p>

D DESAIN INSTRUMEN TES KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIS BERBASIS GAME UNITY

This study aims to find out the process of designing test instruments and produce instrument design test mathematical problem-solving ability based on game unity. The research method used is Research and Development by using the Addie model. ADDIE stage used is analyze and Design. The analysis is carried out by the stages of problem formulation, collecting data, evaluating data feasibility, analyzing and interpreting relevant data, and organizing and presenting results that are then obtained compared to current issues, while the design is done by making hypothetical designs, then developed into a display design using the software. The results obtained are the process of designing instrument test mathematical problem-solving ability based on game unity can be designed with the stages of searching for valid mathematical problem-solving ability test or create a problem that is then validated, flowchart creation, design, and application creation using game engine unity. Test instrument design is made using a unity game engine, problem presentation is made in the form of images and instructions, and filling answers using ideal problem-solving stages.