scholarly journals GWAS reveal a role for the central nervous system in regulating weight and weight change in response to exercise

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis P. Watanabe ◽  
Nicole C. Riddle
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Response To Exercise

AbstractBody size and weight show considerable variation both within and between species. This variation is controlled in part by genetics, but also strongly influenced by environmental factors including diet and the level of activity experienced by the individual. Due to the increasing obesity epidemic in much of the world, there is considerable interest in the genetic factors that control body weight and how weight changes in response to exercise treatments. Here, we address this question in the Drosophila model system, utilizing 38 strains of the Drosophila Genetics Reference Panel. We use GWAS to identify the molecular pathways that control weight and weight changes in response to exercise. We find that there is a complex set of molecular pathways controlling weight, with many genes linked to the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS also plays a role in the weight change with exercise, in particular, signaling from the CNS. Additional analyses revealed that weight in Drosophila is driven by two factors, animal size, and body composition, as the amount of fat mass versus lean mass impacts the density. Thus, while the CNS appears to be important for weight and exercise-induced weight change, signaling pathways are particularly important for determining how exercise impacts weight.

scholarly journals GWAS reveal a role for the central nervous system in regulating weight and weight change in response to exercise

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis P. Watanabe ◽  
Nicole C. Riddle
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Response To Exercise

ABSTRACTBody size and weight show considerable variation both within and between species. This variation is controlled in part by genetics, but also strongly influenced by environmental factors including diet and the level of activity experienced by the individual. Due to the increasing obesity epidemic in much of the world, there is considerable interest in the genetic factors that control body weight and how weight changes in response to exercise treatments. Here, we use GWAS in Drosophila to identify the molecular pathways that control weight and exercise-induced weight changes. We find that there is a complex set of molecular pathways controlling weight, with many genes linked to the central nervous system (CNS). Weight was strongly impacted by animal size and body composition. While the CNS appears to be important for weight and exercise-induced weight change, signaling pathways are particularly important for determining how exercise impacts weight.

Functional Evidence for Neurone Fields Representing the Individual Arms Within the Central Nervous System of Octopus

1959 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-511
Author(s):  
M. J. WELLS
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Test Object ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optic Nerves ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tactile System

1. Octopuses blinded by section of the optic nerves were trained by means of 5-10 V. a.c. shocks to reject objects that they would otherwise take. 2. With trials at 3, 5, or 20 min. intervals, in which the test object was always presented to the same arm, animals learned within four or five trials, thereafter rejecting the test object whenever it was presented. 3. When, after a succession of such negative responses, the object was presented to another arm on the other side of the octopus, the result depended upon the rate of training before the change. Thus the object was taken in the trial immediately following the arm change in nineteen out of twenty-six sets of tests with trials at 3 or 5 min. intervals, but in only two out of twelve sets with trials at 20 min. intervals; further experiments in which changes were made between arms on the same side produced similar results. 4. These results are interpreted as showing that changes occurring as a result of experience directly affecting one arm take a period of several hours to spread and become effective in determining the reactions of the rest. This in turn implies the existence of functionally independent neurone fields representing the individual arms, and is discussed in relation to what is already known about the organization of the tactile system of the octopus.

Investigation into Intellectual Changes Following Prefrontal Leucotomy

1949 ◽  
Vol 95 (401) ◽  
pp. 826-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Freudenberg ◽  
J. P. S. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Shock Treatment ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Normal Functions ◽  
Psychophysiological Functions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Interpretation Of Change

This investigation is not concerned with the clinical indications or results of prefrontal leucotomy, but attempts to re-examine changes following the operation, especially in regard to the impairment of some of the manifestations of the highest integrative psychophysiological functions of the central nervous system that may bring about such alterations. Amongst these we were primarily interested in cognitive changes, but the interpretation of apparent cognitive changes led to the consideration of orectic alterations as well. Such changes have so far been impossible to localize exactly, but are considered to be partly related to the phylogenetically more recent parts of the cerebral cortex. Masserman (1946) compared the mechanism of shock treatment and leucotomy with the effects of alcohol and states that “its main actions are those of a cortical depressant,” as manifested by impairment of finer perceptions and discriminations and a “constriction of the integrative field.” He believes that shock therapies and leucotomy partly produce their results by temporary or permanent decorticating effects, “rendering the individual no longer capable of fine spun fantasies or elaborate delusions.” These decorticating effects can be assumed to be reflected in cognitive, conative and emotional alterations following the operation. The interpretation of change following leucotomy presents many difficulties, one of them being that only dysfunction can be related to structural damage of the frontal lobe and not function. Another is that psychotics or severe neurotics operated upon usually do not have a sufficiently intact pre-operative personality to draw conclusions about the normal functions.

The patterns of exercise-induced β-endorphin expression in the central nervous system of rats

Neuropeptides ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 102048
Author(s):  
Liang Xue ◽  
Jinrui Sun ◽  
Jiandi Zhu ◽  
Yi Ding ◽  
Shuhuai Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Exercise Induced

Aspects of the Organization of Central Nervous Pathways in Aplysia Depilans

1962 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-69
Author(s):  
G. M. HUGHES ◽  
L. TAUC
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Large Size ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Pleural Ganglion

1. The organization of the central nervous system of Aplysia depilans has been investigated in whole animal and isolated ganglion preparations using mechanical and electrical stimulation. 2. Intracellular micro-electrodes have been used to record activity in nerve cells of the abdominal ganglia in situ. Some cells are spontaneously active and quite unaffected by mechanical stimulation, whereas others show varying degrees of responsiveness. Those which are unaffected may exhibit regular rhythmic activity or intermittent bursts which are intrinsic to the cells themselves but in other cases are due to synaptic input from other central neurones. 3. In isolated central nervous system preparations a special study of the pleural ganglion has revealed many types of cell with electrical activity similar to that shown in isolated abdominal ganglion preparations. A notable feature of the pleural ganglion cells was the large size of the excitatory post-synaptic potentials recorded in response to stimulation of pre-synaptic fibres. 4. Different types of branching of cells of the pleural ganglia were investigated. By observing the somatic potential it was possible to decide in which nerve a particular cell sent collateral branches and which nerves contained fibres affecting the cell synaptically. By this means it was clear that a large number of pathways connect the cerebral and pleural ganglia on each side. 5. A large number of direct pathways were found of nerve fibres passing through ganglia without any synapse. 6. Synaptic pathways varied in the number and intrinsic properties of the individual synapses along their route. Synapses between fibres in the nerves innervating the foot and parapodial lobes of the two sides were not as common as has been described for Ariolimax. 7. In general the results have shown a great variety in the extent to which afferent stimulation may affect the whole or part of the central nervous system. They have also revealed the great multiplicity in the pathways whereby this is achieved.

scholarly journals Pathological and anatomical changes in the peripheral nervous system in typhus. Morgenstern (Journal of Psychol., Neur. and Psychiatry, 1922)

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-92
Author(s):  
M. Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Individual

The author found that in typhus there is, and with regard to the severity of the lesions, a parallelism between the central nervous system and the peripheral. There is no such correspondence between the individual nerves.

scholarly journals Do the results of the sensomotor response reflect the typological properties of the central nervous system?

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
V. S. Lyzohub ◽  
V. V. Shpanyuk ◽  
V. O. Pustovalov ◽  
T. V. Kozhemyako ◽  
V. O. Suprunovich
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Functional Mobility ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction.During the study, we tried to find out whether the temporal characteristics of sensory-motor response can reflect the typological properties of the central nervous system. Such research is essential to reveal the mechanisms of development of higher mental functions and mental capacity.Purpose.To establish the relationship between the speed characteristics of visual-motor reaction different complexity and individual-typological properties of the central nervous system.Methods.Individual differences of sensorimotor reaction and the properties of the main nervous processes were determined by the method of M. V. Makarenko [8] using the computer system "Diagnost-1". 32 teenagers aged 10-11 were examined. During the study, the indicators of latent periods of simple (SVMR) and complex visual-motor reactions of choice (RC1-2, RC2-3), functional mobility of nervous processes (FMNS) were investigated. Results.Speed characteristics of simple (SVMR) and complex visual-motor reactions of choice of one (RC1-3) and choice of two (RC2-3) excitatory and inhibitory signals were studied in order to 202177use them to assess individual typological properties of the central nervous system (CNS) in adolescents 10-11 years old. There is no evidence of a relationship between the rate of SVMR with different levels of functional mobility (FMNS) of nervous processes in adolescents 10-11 years old.The reaction rate did not differ statistically and was the same in representatives with high, medium and low levels oftypological properties of nervous system. The results of the correlation analysis between SVMR and FMNP were r = 0.13 (p = 0.59), which indicated no relationship between them. The relationship of sensorimotor response time with individual-typological features of the CNS was established in complex information differentiation RC2-3. The temporal characteristics of RC2-3 were dependent on the individual-typological properties of the CNS.The reaction rate of RC2-3 was higher in adolescents 10-11 years old with high levels of -3 were r = 0.35 (p = 0.034).The results show that the velocity characteristics of complex neurodynamic acts, in contrast to simple ones, can be used as quantitative characteristics of the typological properties of the CNS.Originality.The results of our research may be evidence that the indicator RC2-3 can be used as an additional informative criterion for assessing the individual-typological properties of the higher parts of the central nervous system.Conclusion. The temporal characteristics of SVMR and RC1-3 cannot be considered as informative criteria for assessing the individual-typological properties of CNS in adolescents 10-11 years. Time characteristics of RC2-3 differentiation reactions can be used as additional indicators for assessing the individual-typological properties of higher nervous activity in adolescents 10-11 years, namely, the level of functional mobility of nervous processes.Key words:processing of information of various complexity, speed characteristics of simple reactions, motor acts of choice and differentiation, individual-typological properties, functional mobility of nervous processes

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