scholarly journals Temporal dynamics of intradermal cytokine response to tuberculin in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-vaccinated cattle using sampling microneedles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Steinbach ◽  
Sasan Jalili-Firoozinezhad ◽  
Sreenidhi Srinivasan ◽  
Mariane B. Melo ◽  
Sonya Middleton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Skin Response ◽  
Novel Biomarkers

AbstractBovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a disease of livestock with severe and worldwide economic, animal welfare and zoonotic consequences. Application of test-and-slaughter-based control polices reliant on tuberculin skin testing has been the mainstay of bTB control in cattle. However, little is known about the temporal development of the bovine tuberculin skin test response at the dermal sites of antigen injection. To fill this knowledge gap, we applied minimally-invasive sampling microneedles (SMNs) for intradermal sampling of interstitial fluid at the tuberculin skin test sites in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-vaccinated calves and determined the temporal dynamics of a panel of 15 cytokines and chemokines in situ and in the peripheral blood. The results reveal an orchestrated and coordinated cytokine and local chemokine response, identified IL-1RA as a potential soluble biomarker of a positive tuberculin skin response, and confirmed the utility of IFN-γ and IP-10 for bTB detection in blood-based assays. Together, the results highlight the utility of SMNs to identify novel biomarkers and provide mechanistic insights on the intradermal cytokine and chemokine responses associated with the tuberculin skin test in BCG-sensitized cattle.

scholarly journals Tuberculin Skin Testing Boosts Interferon Gamma Responses to DIVA Reagents in Mycobacterium bovis-Infected Cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth J. Jones ◽  
Mick Coad ◽  
Bhagwati Khatri ◽  
Javier Bezos ◽  
Natalie A. Parlane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Test ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Interferon Gamma ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing ◽  
Test Scenario ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bcg Vaccination

ABSTRACT Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination sensitizes cattle to bovine tuberculin, which compromises the use of the current bovine tuberculosis (TB) surveillance tests. Although the performance of a blood test (that utilizes antigens expressed by Mycobacterium bovis but not by BCG) capable of discriminating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA interferon gamma test [DIT]) has been evaluated in naturally infected TB field reactors, there is a need to perform similar analysis in a BCG-vaccinated M. bovis-infected population. Furthermore, we explored different scenarios under which a DIT may be implemented alongside BCG vaccination: (i) serial testing to resolve potential false-positive skin test results or (ii) a standalone test to replace the single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) skin test. Our results demonstrated significantly better relative test sensitivity when the DIT was evaluated in a serial test scenario. Direct comparison of pre- and post-skin test blood samples revealed that the SICCT test induced significant boosting of the gamma interferon response in M. bovis-infected animals to both the ESAT-6–CFP-10 and Rv3615c peptide cocktails that comprise the DIT, which persisted for the ESAT-6–CFP-10 reagent for at least 14 days. Importantly, no similar boosting effects were observed in noninfected BCG vaccinates, suggesting that DIVA blood testing after a recent skin test would have minimal impact on test specificity.

A prospective randomized trial of maintenance versus nonmaintenance intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy of superficial bladder cancer.

1987 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Badalament ◽  
H W Herr ◽  
G Y Wong ◽  
C Gnecco ◽  
C M Pinsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Trial ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Tumor Recurrence ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Prospective Randomized Trial ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Bcg Therapy

Between August 1981 and July 1984, 93 patients with polychronotopic superficial papillary carcinoma (Ta and/or T1), flat carcinoma in situ (Tis), or concomitant superficial papillary and in situ bladder carcinoma were entered into a prospective randomized trial of maintenance v nonmaintenance intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy. Forty-six patients who received BCG weekly for 6 weeks were compared with 47 patients receiving the six-weekly doses of BCG plus monthly BCG for 2 years. Both groups were evaluated every 3 months by cytology, cystoscopy, and biopsy. A significant reduction in the number of recurrent tumors per patient-month was demonstrated for both groups (P less than .0001); however, the difference in reduction of tumors between the two groups was not significant. Additionally, patients receiving maintenance and nonmaintenance therapy had similar tumor recurrence and progression rates. These results indicate that monthly maintenance BCG does not prevent, delay, or reduce tumor recurrence or progression observed with the 6-week regimen. Maintenance BCG was associated with increased local toxicity, primarily dysuria, frequency, and urgency. Dosage reduction was required in 22 of 47 patients (46.8%). When the data were subjected to multivariate analysis, the presence or absence of tumor following induction BCG and PPD skin test results were found to be significant variables. Controlling for either the presence or absence of tumor following induction BCG, tumor recurrence and progression rates were not significantly different for the two treatment groups. However, the absence of tumor after induction BCG was associated with a longer disease-free duration (P = .00001) and time to progression (P = .095). Patients with a reactive tuberculin skin test before and after induction BCG had significantly less tumor recurrences than patients with different PPD skin tests results (P = .02). Tumor progression was not related to tuberculin skin testing.

Effectiveness of Two-Step Tuberculin Skin Testing in Hospital Employees

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 248-251
Author(s):  
Jennifer H Tran ◽  
John D Seeger
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
English Language ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing ◽  
Health Administration ◽  
Test Reaction ◽  
Hospital Employees ◽  
English Language Journal ◽  
Tuberculin Testing

Objective: To review the literature discussing the use of two-step tuberculin skin testing for hospital employees. Data Sources: English-language journal articles involving human subjects. Study Selection: Selected articles describing the use of two-step tuberculin skin testing. Data Extraction: Information relevant to the topic was extracted from the articles and synthesized into this report. Data Synthesis: People infected with tuberculosis exhibit a skin-test reaction to tuberculin, but this reaction can diminish over time. A two-step tuberculin skin test involves the administration of a second injection of tuberculin 1–3 weeks after the initial injection. The rationale for the use of the two-step tuberculin skin test is to help differentiate between individuals with new tuberculosis infections and those with previous infections whose immune response to tuberculin had decreased to levels not detectable with a single skin test. Conclusions: Two-step tuberculin skin testing is effective at detecting a booster effect. Despite the recent mandate by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to use two-step tuberculin testing in all healthcare facilities, such testing may not be cost-effective in institutions with young employees, high employee turnover, and a low risk of tuberculosis. The requirements for universal two-step tuberculin testing may need to be reevaluated to account for these factors.

The Importance of Two-Step Tuberculin Skin Testing for Newly Employed Healthcare Workers

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 512-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth C. Frenzel ◽  
Georgia A. Thomas ◽  
Hend A. Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing ◽  
Test Results ◽  
History Of ◽  
Male Sex

At the time of hire, 4059 of 6522 healthcare workers required a 2-step tuberculin skin test; 114 workers (2.8%) demonstrated a boosted reaction after the second step. Boosted reactions were significantly associated with male sex and older age. A verbal history of previous tuberculin skin test results was not a reliable indicator of baseline tuberculin skin test status at the time of hire.

scholarly journals Interferon-Gamma Release Assays versus Tuberculin Skin Testing for the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: An Overview of the Evidence

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Trajman ◽  
R. E. Steffen ◽  
D. Menzies
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Interferon Gamma ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Preventive Therapy ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing ◽  
Interferon Gamma Release Assays ◽  
Definition Of

A profusion of articles have been published on the accuracy and uses of interferon-gamma releasing assays. Here we review the clinical applications, advantages, and limitations of the tuberculin skin test and interferon-gamma release assays and provide an overview of the most recent systematic reviews conducted for different indications for the use of these tests. We conclude that both tests are accurate to detect latent tuberculosis, although interferon-gamma release assays have higher specificity than tuberculin skin testing in BCG-vaccinated populations, particularly if BCG is received after infancy. However, both tests perform poorly to predict risk for progression to active tuberculosis. Interferon-gamma release assays have significant limitations in serial testing because of spontaneous variability and lack of a validated definition of conversion and reversion, making it difficult for clinicians to interpret changes in category (conversions and reversions). So far, the most important clinical evidence, that is, that isoniazid preventive therapy reduces the risk for progression to disease, has been produced only in tuberculin skin test-positive individuals.

Tuberculin Skin Test Results and the Booster Phenomenon in Two-Step Tuberculin Skin Testing in Hemodialysis Patients

Renal Failure ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekrem Dogan ◽  
Reha Erkoc ◽  
Hayriye Sayarlioglu ◽  
Kursat Uzun
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing ◽  
Test Results

Tuberculin Skin Test Results and the Booster Phenomenon in Two-Step Tuberculin Skin Testing in Hemodialysis Patients

Renal Failure ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekrem Dogan ◽  
Reha Erkoc ◽  
Hayriye Sayarlioglu ◽  
Kursat Uzun
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing ◽  
Test Results

scholarly journals Development of a Human Gamma Interferon Enzyme Immunoassay and Comparison with Tuberculin Skin Testing for Detection ofMycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuket Desem ◽  
Stephen L. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACT A sensitive two-step simultaneous enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for human gamma interferon (IFN-γ) has been developed and used as an in vitro test for human tuberculosis (TB) in comparison with tuberculin skin testing. The EIA was shown to be highly sensitive, detecting less than 0.5 IU of recombinant human IFN-γ per ml within a linear detection range of 0.5 to 150 IU/ml. The assay was highly reproducible and specific for native IFN-γ. In addition, the assay detected chimpanzee, orangutan, gibbon, and squirrel monkey IFN-γs. Cross-reactions with other human cytokines or with IFN-γs derived from mice, cattle, or Old World monkeys were not evident. The assay was used to detect TB infection by incubating whole blood overnight with human, avian, and bovine tuberculin purified protein derivatives (PPDs), as well as positive (mitogen)- and negative-control preparations. The levels of IFN-γ in plasma supernatants were then determined. Blood from 10 tuberculin skin test-positive individuals responded predominantly to the human tuberculin PPD antigen and to a lesser extent to bovine and avian PPD antigens. By contrast, blood from 10 skin test-negative individuals showed minimal responses or no response to any of the tuberculin PPDs. Detectable levels of IFN-γ were present in all blood samples stimulated with mitogen. In vivo tuberculin reactivity was correlated with IFN-γ responsiveness in vitro. These results support the further study of the blood culture–IFN-γ EIA system as an alternative to skin testing for the detection of human TB infection.

scholarly journals Bovine tuberculosis at the human-livestock-wildlife interface: Is it a public health problem in Tanzania? A review

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bugwesa Z. Katale ◽  
Erasto V. Mbugi ◽  
Sharon Kendal ◽  
Robert D. Fyumagwa ◽  
Gibson S. Kibiki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Potential Health

Despite the apparent public health concern about Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in Tanzania, little has been done regarding the zoonotic importance of the disease and raising awareness of the community to prevent the disease. Bovine tuberculosis is a potential zoonotic disease that can infect a variety of hosts, including humans. The presence of multiple hosts including wild animals, inefficient diagnostic techniques, absence of defined national controls and eradication programs could impede the control of bovine TB. In Tanzania, the diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis in animals is mostly carried out by tuberculin skin testing, meat inspection in abattoirs and only rarely using bacteriological techniques. The estimated prevalence of BTB in animals in Tanzania varies and ranges across regions from 0.2% to 13.3%, which is likely to be an underestimate if not confirmed by bacteriology or molecular techniques. Mycobacterium bovis has been detected and isolated from different animal species and has been recovered in 10% of apparently healthy wildebeest that did not show lesions at post-mortem. The transmission of the disease from animals to humans can occur directly through the aerosol route and indirectly by consumption of raw milk. This poses an emerging disease threat in the current era of HIV confection in Tanzania and elsewhere. Mycobacterium bovis is one of the causative agents of human extra pulmonary tuberculosis. In Tanzania there was a significant increase (116.6%) of extrapulmonary cases reported between 1995 and 2009, suggesting the possibility of widespread M. bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection due to general rise of Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This paper aims to review the potential health and economic impact of bovine tuberculosis and challenges to its control in order to safeguard human and animal population in Tanzania.

Tuberculosis Surveillance Practices in Long-Term Care Institutions

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-151
Author(s):  
Gary Naglie ◽  
Margaret McArthur ◽  
Andrew Simor ◽  
Monika Naus ◽  
Angela Cheung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Test ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Positive Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
Testing Practices

AbstractObjecitves:To identify the tuberculosis (TB) skin-testing practices of long-term care facilities for the elderly in Toronto, Ontario.Design:A telephone survey using a 25-item questionnaire.Setting:Twenty-nine nursing homes (NHs) and 26 Homes for the Aged (HFAs) in metropolitan Toronto.Results:Thirty-one percent of facilities (17 of 55) had no formal tuberculin skin-testing program, including 52% of NHs (15 of 29) versus 8% of HFAs (2 of 26; P= 0.001). Ninety-two percent of HFAs (24 of 26) compared with 45% of NHs (13 of 29), obtained preadmission or admission skin-test status of residents (P= 0.0005). Annual testing was performed at 46% of HFAs (12 of 26) and 27% of NHs (8 of 29; P= 0.28). Of facilities that carried out any skin testing, 64% of HFAs (16 of 25) versus 32% of NHs (6 of 19) measured induration to establish test positivity (P=0.068). Fifty-two percent of HFAs (13 of 25), compared with 21% of NHs (4 of 19), recorded the actual size of induration in the patient record (P=0.085). Only 28% of HFAs (7 of 25) and 21% of NHs (4 of 19) correctly defined a positive tuberculin skin test.Conclusions:TB surveillance practices in long-term care institutions in Toronto are inadequate and often yield results that do not predict the risk of infection and cannot be used to investigate outbreaks. Tuberculin skin-testing practices were better at HFAs, which are subject to provincial legislation regarding TB surveillance, than at NHs, which are not subject to this legislation. Staff at HFAs and NHs require education regarding tuberculin skin-testing policies and procedures.

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