scholarly journals Whimbrel populations differ in trans-atlantic pathways and cyclone encounters

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan D. Watts ◽  
Fletcher M. Smith ◽  
Chance Hines ◽  
Laura Duval ◽  
Diana J. Hamilton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Mackenzie Delta ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Storm Activity ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
South Atlantic Coast ◽  
Migration Pathways

AbstractEach year hundreds of millions of birds cross the Atlantic Ocean during the peak of tropical cyclone activity. The extent and consequences of migrant-storm interactions remain unknown. We tracked whimbrels from two populations (Mackenzie Delta; Hudson Bay) to examine overlap between migration routes and storm activity and both the frequency and consequence of storm encounters. Here we show that Mackenzie Delta and Hudson Bay whimbrels follow different routes across the ocean and experience dramatically different rates of storm encounters. Mackenzie Delta whimbrels departed North America from Atlantic Canada, made long ($$\bar{x}$$ x ¯  = 5440 ± 120.3 km) nonstop flights far out to sea that took several days ($$\bar{x}$$ x ¯  = 6.1 ± 0.18) to complete and encountered storms during 3 of 22 crossings. Hudson Bay whimbrels departed North America from the south Atlantic Coast, made shorter ($$\bar{x}$$ x ¯  = 3643 ± 196.2 km) nonstop flights across the Caribbean Basin that took less time ($$\bar{x}$$ x ¯  = 4.5 ± 0.29) to complete and encountered storms during 13 of 18 crossings. More than half of Hudson Bay storm encounters resulted in groundings on Caribbean islands. Grounded birds required longer ($$\bar{x}$$ x ¯  = 30.4 ± 5.32 days) to complete trans-Atlantic crossings and three were lost including 2 to hunters and 1 to a predator. One of the Mackenzie Delta whimbrels was lost at sea while crossing the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Whimbrels use two contrasting strategies to cross the Atlantic including (1) a long nonstop flight around the core of storm activity with a low likelihood of encountering storms but no safety net and (2) a shorter flight through the heart of Hurricane Alley with a high likelihood of encountering storms and a safety network of islands to use in the event of an encounter. Demographic consequences of storm encounters will likely play a role in the ongoing evolution of trans-Atlantic migration pathways as global temperatures continue to rise.

Morphological and isozyme variation in Salicornia europaea (s.l.) (Chenopodiaceae) in northeastern North America

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1410-1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Wolff ◽  
R. L. Jefferies
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Salicornia Europaea ◽  
Electrophoretic Variation ◽  
James Bay ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
Anther Length ◽  
Vegetative Characters

Morphological and electrophoretic variation has been documented within and among populations of Salicornia europaea L. (s.l.) in northeastern North America. Univariate and multivariate analyses (discriminant analyses) of measurements of floral and vegetative characters delimited three morphologically distinct groups of populations: Atlantic coast tetraploids (2n = 36), Hudson Bay diploids, and Atlantic coast and James Bay diploids (2n = 18). The two diploid groups were morphologically distinct from the midwestern diploid, S. rubra Nels., based on anther length, width of the scarious border of the fertile segment, and the overall width of the fertile segment. Electrophoretic evidence supported the delimitation of the three distinct morphological groups of populations of S. europaea with the exception of the population from James Bay, which had electrophoretic patterns identical with those of plants from Hudson Bay but resembled the Atlantic coast diploids morphologically. Most enzyme systems assayed were monomorphic. Only homozygous banding patterns were detected in diploid plants and electrophoretic variation was not observed within populations of S. europaea or S. rubra but was detected between groups of populations. Four multilocus phenotypes were evident; these corresponded to the major groups recognized on the basis of ploidy level and morphology. Reasons that may account for the paucity of isozymic variation are discussed.

The breeding ecology of ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres) in the eastern Canadian Arctic

Polar Record ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah E. Perkins ◽  
Paul A. Smith ◽  
H. Grant Gilchrist
Keyword(s):  
Nest Success ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Breeding Ecology ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
East Bay ◽  
Median Date ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
Snow Conditions

In 2002 and 2003, studies were made of the breeding phenology, nesting success, nesting density, and rates of nest predation of ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres) at East Bay, Southampton Island, Nunavut, Canada. Previous data from East Bay were used to compare nesting chronology and nest success across years. Bird banding data were used to examine migration routes and rates of return. In all years, ruddy turnstones initiated nests within 7 days of arrival at the study area. The median date of incubation onset was the same in 2002 and 2003, despite different spring snow conditions. Snow remained later in the season in 2003 and the overall range of incubation onset was greater than in 2002. Ruddy turnstones at East Bay nested at high densities and in semi-colonial groups with a significantly aggregated distribution. In both years, nest success was low, predation was high, and lemmings were scarce. These data (and data from earlier East Bay studies) support the ‘alternative prey hypothesis’. Resighting rates of breeding adults between 2002 and 2003 were also low. Individuals banded at East Bay were resighted at Delaware Bay on the Atlantic coast of the United States, the Caribbean Islands, and in southern Brazil. This study increases our knowledge of this understudied species about which there is conservation concern.

The Fur Trade in Canada

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Beinart ◽  
Lotte Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Grand Banks ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Cod Fisheries ◽  
White Settlers ◽  
Settler Society

In the tropical zones of mainland America and the Caribbean islands, plantations became a key vehicle for imperial expansion—an early hothouse of intensive production which boosted Caribbean populations from 200,000 to two million over a couple of centuries. The indigenous population, as noted in the last chapter, had no place in this system and was largely destroyed or its remnants absorbed. But the labour requirements of the plantation system, its location, and the diseases it engendered also shaped a demography weighted against white settlers, especially in the Caribbean. At the northern limits of European intrusion, on the Atlantic coast, down the St Lawrence River, and on the shores of the Hudson Bay, the imperial frontier was extended more by trade than by agrarian settlement. In this chapter, we illustrate how the natural environment of this region, as well as economic and political forces, influenced the routes of intrusion and patterns of interaction. In contrast to the Caribbean, Native Americans had a major role in supplying imperial markets. Coastal settler society in the Americas, from Boston north, grew partly around the cod fisheries. The Grand Banks off the Canadian coast were a particularly rich source of cod and had been fished by the Spanish, Portuguese, and Basques since the sixteenth century or before. By the early seventeenth century, as many as 300 French and 150 British ships were recorded at one time on what became the Canadian coast. Cod fisheries were largely run by Europeans and based on European technology. They became the basis for an important export trade in dried and salted cod, bacalhau, to Europe and the Caribbean, where sources of protein were in short supply. On the sugar islands, especially, there were severe constraints on keeping livestock, and a lack of indigenous species to hunt. Dried cod, traded from North to Central America, to some degree filled this dietary gap; not only did it last well but it was also light to transport. Crosby has argued that North America was particularly porous with respect to the absorption of Eurasian animal and plant species and that these greatly facilitated settler colonialism.

Estuaries of the South Atlantic Coast of North America: Their Geographical Signatures

Estuaries ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Dame ◽  
Merryl Alber ◽  
Dennis Allen ◽  
Michael Mallin ◽  
Clay Montague ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
The South ◽  
South Atlantic Coast

scholarly journals Migratory movements of Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus, breeding on the Yamal Peninsula, Russia

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasiliy Sokolov ◽  
Aleksandr Sokolov ◽  
Andrew Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Seasonal Migration ◽  
Yamal Peninsula ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Falco Peregrinus ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Peregrine Falcons ◽  
Migration Pathways ◽  
The Yamal Peninsula

Abstract We describe the migration pathways of 12 Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus calidus breeding on the Yamal Peninsula, Russia. Overall, we tracked 30 complete (17 autumn and 13 spring) and 5 incomplete seasonal migration routes. Winter ranges extended from the Atlantic coast of southern Portugal in the west to Kish Island in the Arabian Gulf in the east, and from Krasnodar in southern Russia in the north to South Sudan. Eight birds were tracked to their wintering sites, with migration pathways ranging from 3,557 km to 8,114 km, taking 14 to 61 days to complete. Birds spent an average of 190 days in their winter ranges (range 136 to 212 days, N = 14), and departure on spring migration took place in April. The home ranges used by wintering Peregrines were varied including coastal habitats, agricultural landscapes, savannah, desert and an urban city. Departure from breeding areas took place in September with birds returning in May. Peregrines exhibited a high degree of fidelity to their winter ranges, with four birds tracked over three successive migrations until the 2012 breeding season.

scholarly journals Annual cycle of White-winged Scoters (Melanitta fusca) in eastern North America: migratory phenology, population delineation, and connectivity

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 1353-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.E. Meattey ◽  
S.R. McWilliams ◽  
P.W.C. Paton ◽  
C. Lepage ◽  
S.G. Gilliland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Melanitta Fusca

Understanding full annual cycle movements of long-distance migrants is essential for delineating populations, assessing connectivity, evaluating crossover effects between life stages, and informing management strategies for vulnerable or declining species. We used implanted satellite transmitters to track up to 2 years of annual cycle movements of 52 adult female White-winged Scoters (Melanitta fusca (Linnaeus, 1758)) captured in the eastern United States and Canada. We used these data to document annual cycle phenology; delineate migration routes; identify primary areas used during winter, stopover, breeding, and molt; and assess the strength of migratory connectivity and spatial population structure. Most White-winged Scoters wintered along the Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia to southern New England, with some on Lake Ontario. White-winged Scoters followed four migration routes to breeding areas from Quebec to the Northwest Territories. Principal postbreeding molting areas were in James Bay and the St. Lawrence River estuary. Migration phenology was synchronous regardless of winter or breeding origin. Cluster analyses delineated two primary breeding areas: one molting area and one wintering area. White-winged Scoters demonstrated overall weak to moderate connectivity among life stages, with molting to wintering connectivity the strongest. Thus, White-winged Scoters that winter in eastern North America appear to constitute a single continuous population.

scholarly journals The annual cycle for whimbrel populations using the Western Atlantic Flyway

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260339
Author(s):  
Bryan D. Watts ◽  
Fletcher M. Smith ◽  
Chance Hines ◽  
Laura Duval ◽  
Diana J. Hamilton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Mackenzie Delta ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Annual Cycles ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Two Populations

Many long-distance migratory birds use habitats that are scattered across continents and confront hazards throughout the annual cycle that may be population-limiting. Identifying where and when populations spend their time is fundamental to effective management. We tracked 34 adult whimbrels (Numenius phaeopus) from two breeding populations (Mackenzie Delta and Hudson Bay) with satellite transmitters to document the structure of their annual cycles. The two populations differed in their use of migratory pathways and their seasonal schedules. Mackenzie Delta whimbrels made long (22,800 km) loop migrations with different autumn and spring routes. Hudson Bay whimbrels made shorter (17,500 km) and more direct migrations along the same route during autumn and spring. The two populations overlap on the winter grounds and within one spring staging area. Mackenzie Delta whimbrels left the breeding ground, arrived on winter grounds, left winter grounds and arrived on spring staging areas earlier compared to whimbrels from Hudson Bay. For both populations, migration speed was significantly higher during spring compared to autumn migration. Faster migration was achieved by having fewer and shorter stopovers en route. We identified five migratory staging areas including four that were used during autumn and two that were used during spring. Whimbrels tracked for multiple years had high (98%) fidelity to staging areas. We documented dozens of locations where birds stopped for short periods along nearly all migration routes. The consistent use of very few staging areas suggests that these areas are integral to the annual cycle of both populations and have high conservation value.

scholarly journals Caught in the Crossfire: Challenges to Migrant Protection in the Yemeni and Libyan Conflicts

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-331
Author(s):  
Danielle Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Migration Pathways

In spite of the prevailing security dynamics in Yemen and Libya, both states continue to serve as areas of transit along some of the world’s largest mixed migration routes, leaving migrants caught in the crossfire of the two conflicts. This article examines the legal framework governing the protection of migrants in armed conflict under international humanitarian and human rights law. It also identifies two adverse incentives produced by the conflict situations that impede the exercise of these legal protections: (1) profits derived from migrant smuggling and trafficking, and (2) the use of migrants to support armed groups. In the absence of stable conditions in Yemen and Libya, individuals have little reason to respect international legal protections and discontinue migrant abuse connected with the lucrative businesses of smuggling and trafficking. The intractable nature of the two conflicts has also led to the strategic use of migrants as armed support, and more specifically as combatants, weapons transports, and human shields. Given these realities, the article outlines several recommendations to address the issue of migrant abuse in conflict. It recommends that states, particularly those neighboring Yemen and Libya, strengthen regular migration pathways to help reduce the number of migrants transiting through active conflict zones. It further advises that the international community increase the cost of noncompliance to international humanitarian law through the use of accountability mechanisms and through strategic measures, including grants of reciprocal respect to armed groups that observe protections accorded to migrants in conflict situations.

Distribution of the middorsal stripe dimorphism in the wood frog, Rana sylvatica, in eastern North America

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 1643-1651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick W. Schueler ◽  
Francis R. Cook
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Rana Sylvatica ◽  
Wood Frog ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Maritime Canada ◽  
Eurasian Species

The frequency of the middorsally striped morph of Rana sylvatica in Ontario and Manitoba varies from absence in southern Ontario to 80% on the coast of Hudson Bay, with a general value of 20–30% in the boreal forest, a rise to 50% on the forest–grassland ecotone in southern Manitoba, and a decline westward to 20% on the edge of the prairies. This morph is rare in the northeastern United States and Maritime Canada. The suggested relationship between its frequency and the "grassiness" of the background on which predators view it is reexamined, and it is suggested that a linkage with earlier transformation as demonstrated in Eurasian species may explain certain anomalies.

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