Morphometric study of human placenta and an insight into its vascular pattern by corrosion cast technique

: The placenta is a chorioallantoic, deciduate, haemochorial and villous organ. It is a vital organ which transfers vital nutrients from the mother to the foetus and removes waste products from the foetus to the mother. There has been paucity of literature regarding the morphometric study of human placenta and its vascular pattern (magisterial or dispersed) by corrosion cast technique. Therefore, the present study was conducted on morphometry and vascular pattern of the human placentae.: To do the morphological and morphometric study of placenta and to study the vascular pattern of placenta by corrosion cast technique. Study was done on 43 placentae and its morphometric study and vascular pattern were studied by corrosion cast technique.: Oval was the most common shape of placenta observed in the present study. Out of 43 placentae, 22(51.16%) had oval, 16(37.20%) placentae had round shape followed by triangular in 3(6.97%) placentae. Only 1 (2.32%) placenta each found to be irregular and multilobed. Most common shape recorded in complicated pregnancy was oval followed by round. Magisterial pattern was found in 13.95% of placenta and was associated with oval shape constituting 25.58% of placentae. Mixed pattern was seen in 18.60% placentae and was associated with oval placentae(23.25%). The disperse pattern was seen in 4.65% and was associated with oval and irregular placentae each constituting(2.32%).: The vascular cast preparation of placentae in our study will further help in contribution towards the understanding of the placental vasculature. An effort should be made for performing more studies on placentae of complicated pregnancies eg: hypertension and diabetes etc.

THE RAMIFICATION PATTERN OF PORTAL VEIN IN LEFT LOBE OF HUMAN LIVER STUDIED BY CORROSION CAST METHOD.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to know the intrahepatic ramication pattern of portal vein in left lobe of liver & its variations. METHODS: 25 human fresh livers were obtained after autopsy and studied by corrosion cast method. Polymeric granules of butyl butyrate were dissolved in acetone and 20% homogenous solution was made. Solution was injected into portal vein and the injected liver was placed in 10 % formal saline for 24 hours at room temperature (20°C) for polymerization of infused butyl butyrate solution. Maceration of liver tissue achieved by whole-organ immersion in 1.8 N KOH solution at 68°C for 24 hrs. Each cast thus obtained was preserved in glycerin and details were studied. RESULTS: The length of the transverse part of Left portal vein (LPV) varies from 1.5 -3.7 cm (2.6 cm) while the length of umbilical part of LPV varied from 0.5 – 1.5 cm. (1.1cm.) and total length of LPV varies from 2.0 cm.-4.8cm.(3.7cm). Ramication of Left Portal Vein was described on the basis of its umbilical part. Two type of pattern observed Type I (Umbilical Part Turned Inferiorly) 60 % cases & Type II (Umbilical Part Turned Superiorly). For segment II - Cranio- lateral (CAL) branch originated from the convexity of the curved portion of the umbilical part 84 % cases while in 16 % it has originated from the transverse part of the LPV. Segment III- Caudo- lateral branch (CRL) originated from the convexity of the curved portion of the umbilical part of LPV in all the cases. Segment IV- From the concavity, Inferio – medial branch ran downward & medially while superior- medial branch ran superiorly & medially to supply the lower & upper part of segment IV respectively. The both superio- medial & inferio-medial branches were present in 13 of 25 cases (52 %), while only superior -medial branches were present in 16 of 25 cases (64 %) cases & only inferio-medial 21 of 25 cases (84%) in cases. In 5 of 25 cases (20 %), a common trunk has originated from the concavity of curved portion of the umbilical part then it divided in to superior-medial & inferio-medial branches to supply the segment IV. The number of portal branches to the caudate lobe (segment I) varied from 1 to 4 branches: most commonly from LPV (52 %), then portal vein (16%) & then right portal vein12% cases. At least one of these branches was always originated from LPV (100%). The number of the branches to supply the caudate lode was 2 as it observed in 56 %, while 3 braches in 16 % cases & 4 branches were present in only 8% of the cases. The ndings of present CONCLUSIONS: study on hepatic vasculature have immense importance in the eld of hepato-biliary surgeries.

Variations and some clinically relevant relations of A. cystica in pigs - a corrosion cast study

The aim of this study was to investigate the variations as well as the length of A. cystica and its branches in pigs using corrosion casting method with the self-polymerising resin Duracryl® Plus. The method included several steps: hepatectomy, precasting treatment, injection of Duracryl, polymerisation of casting medium, corrosive treatment, cleaning of the corrosion casts, air-drying and preservation of casts. The livers were collected from 12 male 6-month-old pigs (crossbred Landrace×Danube White). With regards to the beginning of A. cystica, 4 variations were observed and grouped as follows: variation A  A. cystica detached from R. dexter medialis, together with R. quadratus (variation A1), or alone (variation A2); variation B1 – A. cystica originated from A. gastroduodenalis, or was a branch of the common trunk (R. dexter) (variation B2). The metric data were processed by GraphPad Prism 6 for Windows. Clinically relevant relations between А. сystica, Ductus cysticus, A. celiaca and R. sinister also were described. The new information re-ceived about the blood supply of the gallbladder would contribute to the understanding of the etiology of postoperative complications as a result of surgical interventions in this location and for their prevention.

Study of Renal Posterior Segmental Artery by Corrosion Cast Method

BACKGROUND Variations in origin, course and distribution of renal blood vessels are frequent observations. The aim of this study was to observe the pattern of posterior segmental renal artery by corrosion cast method. METHODS Thirty pairs of kidneys were collected from cadavers in anatomy department of Subharti Medical College, Meerut. Corrosion casts of renal arteries were prepared by infusing cellulose acetate butyrate solution through abdominal aorta. They were macerated in conc. hydrochloric acid. Origin, course and distribution of the posterior segmental artery were studied. RESULTS Renal posterior segmental artery most frequently originated as a continuation of the posterior division (93 %). It has no anastomosis with nearby segmental arteries. CONCLUSIONS Posterior segmental artery supplies posterior segment of kidney and may also frequently give origin to apical segmental artery. This study of origin, course, distribution and variations of renal posterior segmental artery will be useful for surgical and radiological practice. KEYWORDS Kidneys, Renal Artery, Anterior Division, Posterior Division, Posterior Segmental Artery, Abdominal Aorta, Corrosion Casts

Macroanatomical Investigations on Renal Arteries of Southern Karaman Sheep

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the arterial vascularization of the kidneys in the South Karaman sheep breed. Twelve South Karaman sheep kidneys were used in the study. The course of the renal arteries in the kidney was examined by means of dissection and corrosion cast techniques. The kidneys were vascularized with right renal artery and left renal artery to the arteries originating from the abdominal aorta. Right renal artery was seen to be slightly more prominent than the left renal artery. Left renal artery was measured longer and thicker than the right renal artery. The renal artery entering the renal hilus, dorsal and ventral part of the renal artery were detected. However, in several materials, the left renal artery was shown to have a third branch. The dorsal and ventral branches gave interlobar artery with numbers ranging from 2-5. Each interlobar artery had multiple arcuate artery. These arteries ended by giving the interlobular artery. Anastomosis was not observed between the renal arteries. Although there were some important variations in the distribution of renal arteries of South Karaman sheep, similar findings were reported in the literature.

USE OF CORROSION CASTS OF RENAL VASCULATURE FOR UG TEACHING

Introduction: The internal three-dimensional structure of organs and patterns of blood vessels is complex and it is often difficult for medical students to visualize and interpret them. The corrosion cast technique is used to study the vascular patterns in kidney as it is one of the powerful tools with anatomical accuracy and durability. Aim: Preparation of corrosion casts of kidney using CAB (cellulose acetyl butyrate) granules for greater understanding of the spatial relationship of renal vasculature Objectives To accelerate knowledge acquisition To determine student’s perception to the utility of corrosion casts of kidney in UG teaching Methodology: Corrosion cast technique involves injection of the cast material (CAB granules) dissolved in acetone into the renal vessels. Gradually, the volatile solvent evaporates and the solute solidifies inside the vessel forming solid permanent cast. The unwanted tissues are then washed away using corrosive agents like conc HCl resulting in three-dimensional representation of blood vessels. The UG students were divided in 2 groups randomly having 50 students each. Half of the total participants received teaching lessons through a lecture discussing renal blood supply using corrosion casts while the rest with 2D images. The other aspects of teaching session, including content, teaching slides were kept identical in both batches. Crossing over was done. Results & Conclusion: Post session questionnaires were applied to assess knowledge acquisition and learner satisfaction. Feedback was taken of student’s perception on the utility of corrosion casts as an effective teaching – learning method. Analysis of feedback was done. Corrosion casts enhance the student’s skills in spatial visualisation of complex vascular relationships. This can be used for other topics as well. Keywords: corrosion casts, kidney, feedback

Macroanatomical Investigation of Arteria Coronaria and Myocardial Bridges in Tuj and Hemshin Sheep

In the study, it was aimed that the macroanatomic features of the coronary arteries and myocardial bridges were investigated in Tuj and Hemshin sheep. 10 hearts of male Tuj sheep and 10 hearts of male Hemshin sheep were used as the study material. It was applied the latex injection and corrosion cast techniques. It was observed that the hearts were vascularized by arteria (a.) coronaria dextra and a. coronaria sinistra. A. coronaria sinistra was dominant in 8 Tuj and 9 Hemshin sheep, a. coronaria dextra was dominant in 2 Tuj and 1 Hemshin sheep. The r. interventricularis subsinuosus was formed by ramus (r.) circumflexus sinister in 8 Tuj and 9 Hemshin sheep, by r. circumflexus dexter in 1 Tuj sheep, and by r. proximalis atrii dextri in 1 Tuj and 1 Hemshin sheep. There were myocardial bridges on the r. interventricularis paraconalis in all of the hearts. There was a statistical difference in the length of the myocardial bridges on the sulcus interventricularis paraconalis between the hearts of Tuj and Hemshin sheep (P less than 0.05).