scholarly journals A new classification of cardio-oncology syndromes

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf A. de Boer ◽  
Joseph Pierre Aboumsallem ◽  
Valentina Bracun ◽  
Douglas Leedy ◽  
Richard Cheng ◽  
...  

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests a multifaceted relationship exists between cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here, we introduce a 5-tier classification system to categorize cardio-oncology syndromes (COS) that represent the aspects of the relationship between cancer and CVD. COS Type I is characterized by mechanisms whereby the abrupt onset or progression of cancer can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. COS Type II includes the mechanisms by which cancer therapies can result in acute or chronic CVD. COS Type III is characterized by the pro-oncogenic environment created by the release of cardiokines and high oxidative stress in patients with cardiovascular dysfunction. COS Type IV is comprised of CVD therapies and diagnostic procedures which have been associated with promoting or unmasking cancer. COS Type V is characterized by factors causing systemic and genetic predisposition to both CVD and cancer. The development of this framework may allow for an increased facilitation of cancer care while optimizing cardiovascular health through focused treatment targeting the COS type.

Synthesis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (14) ◽  
pp. 2737-2758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeonggeun Lim ◽  
Sikwang Seong ◽  
Sunkyu Han

Post-iboga alkaloids are secondary metabolites that are biosynthetically derived from iboga-type alkaloids via rearrangements of the indole and/or isoquinuclidine moieties. Herein, we categorize post-iboga alkaloids into five types based on the biosynthetic mode of transformation of the iboga scaffold. We then describe reported syntheses of post-iboga alkaloids, including our laboratory’s recent contributions, based on our own categorization.1 Introduction1.1 Iboga and Post-Iboga Alkaloids1.2 Classification of Post-Iboga Alkaloids1.2.1 Introduction to Type I Post-Iboga Alkaloids1.2.2 Introduction to Type II Post-Iboga Alkaloids1.2.3 Introduction to Type III Post-Iboga Alkaloids1.2.4 Introduction to Type IV Post-Iboga Alkaloids1.2.5 Introduction to Type V Post-Iboga Alkaloids2 Syntheses of Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.1 Syntheses of Type I Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.1.1 Syntheses of Monomeric Type I Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.1.2 Syntheses of Dimeric Type I Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.2 Syntheses of Type II Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.3 Synthetic Studies Toward Type III Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.4 Syntheses of Type IV Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.5 Synthesis of Type V Post-Iboga Alkaloids3 Conclusion and Outlook


2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucio Dell’Atti

Objectives: In literature, most of the published data regarding prostatic abscess (PA) are case reports, whereas there is no standardization of the diagnostic and therapeutic routines. The purpose of this study is a new classification of ultrasound imaging of PA with clinical features correlation. Material and Methods: We retrospectively analysed the ultrasound database archives and performed a MEDLINE<sup>®</sup> research of the peer reviewed literature on diagnosis and case reports of PA using the terms “prostate and abscess”. Results: PA can be classified into five Types: Type I - PA is present focally in a prostate lobe (≤ 10 mm). Type II - PA is present in a prostate lobe (&gt; 10 mm) and/or partially overcrosses the border of the midline prostatic glandular. Type III - PA is present in both glandular lobes form of multifocal areas (≤ 10 mm). Type IV - PA is present in both glandular lobes form of multifocal areas (&gt; 10 mm). Type V - PA involving intra or extraprostatic structures (bladder, urethra, seminal vesicles and prostatic capsule). The different ultrasound imaging and diagnostic criteria are listed for each type and subtype. Conclusions: The sonographic pattern of PA is usually characteristic and easily differentiated from other glandular lesions. The purpose of the study was to associate the use of TRUS to a clinical standardized classification in order to facilitate PA diagnosis and localization directing the clinician treatment to the correct management and adequate therapeutic treatment.


Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2621
Author(s):  
Darian R. Esfahani ◽  
Tord Alden ◽  
Arthur DiPatri ◽  
Guifa Xi ◽  
Stewart Goldman ◽  
...  

Suprasellar germ cell tumors (S-GCTs) are rare, presenting in either solitary or multifocal fashion. In this study, we retrospectively examine 22 solitary S-GCTs and 20 bifocal germ cell tumors (GCTs) over a 30-year period and demonstrate clinical, radiographic, and prognostic differences between the two groups with therapeutic implications. Compared to S-GCTs, bifocal tumors were almost exclusively male, exhibited higher rate of metastasis, and had worse rates of progression free and overall survival trending toward significance. We also introduce a novel magnetic resonance (MR) imaging classification of suprasellar GCT into five types: a IIIrd ventricle floor tumor extending dorsally with or without an identifiable pituitary stalk (Type Ia, Ib), ventrally (Type III), in both directions (Type II), small lesions at the IIIrd ventricle floor extending to the stalk (Type IV), and tumor localized in the stalk (Type V). S-GCTs almost uniformly presented as Type I–III, while most bifocal GCTs were Type IV with a larger pineal mass. These differences are significant as bifocal GCTs representing concurrent primaries or subependymal extension may be treated with whole ventricle radiation, while cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-borne metastases warrant craniospinal irradiation (CSI). Although further study is necessary, we recommend CSI for bifocal GCTs exhibiting high-risk features such as metastasis or non-germinomatous germ cell tumor histology.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nicol Zielinska ◽  
R. Shane Tubbs ◽  
Andrzej Borowski ◽  
Michał Podgórski ◽  
Łukasz Olewnik

Background. On the basis of the available literature, we proposed the hypothesis that the number of muscle bellies is morphologically constant. The main purpose of this study was to examine the morphological variability of the SM and to create a new classification of it based on number of muscle bellies. Methods. Sixty-six adult cadavers of Central European population (45 females, 21 males) were obtained and fixed in 10% formalin before examination. Results. The SM was found in all 66 specimens (45 females, 21 males, 31 left and 35 right sides). After meticulous dissection, we distinguished nine types on the basis of number of bellies. Type I was characterized by single belly and occurred in 1.5%. Type II had a double belly and was present in 3%. Type III, the most common type, occurring in almost 32% of the studied population, had three bellies. The frequency of type IV, characterized by four bellies, was also high, just over 30%. The following types were less frequent: type V with five bellies (18.2%), type VI with six bellies (7.6%), type VII with seven bellies (3%), type VIII with eight bellies (1.5%), and type IX with nine bellies (3%). All of the types had origin on the anterior surface of the scapula. Conclusions. The SM is morphologically variable in the number of its bellies. Evolutionary changes are probably the reason. The most common type was the SM with three bellies, in line with Larson’s model of the division of the SM into three parts. Subsequent studies should be carried out based on MRI or ultrasonography examination to confirm if it is possible to show all types (presented in this study) among group of patients during MRI.


1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 987-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan R. T. Davidson ◽  
Max A. Woodbury ◽  
Sidney Zisook ◽  
Earl L. Giller

SYNOPSISOne hundred and thirty out-patients with depression were studied by grade of membership multivariate (GOM) analysis. Five depressive types were generated. Pure Type I represented a mild form of melancholia in older, stable males, who showed a modest drug response. Pure Type II included obsessive-anxious symptoms in older patients who responded well to an MAOI drug, but poorly to placebo. Pure Type III was a mildly symptomatic form of depression which responded well to placebo. Pure Type IV included features of agitation, mood worsening later in the day, anorexia and depersonalization; it was commonly precipitated by external stress and MAOI treatment was more effective than placebo. In Pure Type V depression, patients were mostly younger females with high levels of symptomatology, atypical vegetative symptoms, unstable life-styles, disadvantaged backgrounds and a poor response to MAOI and placebo. These results resemble in many ways our earlier GOM study of depression, as well as other multivariate studies of depression in the literature.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepshikha Bhowmik ◽  
Shiela Chetri ◽  
Bhaskar Jyoti Das ◽  
Debadatta Dhar Chanda ◽  
Amitabha Bhattacharjee

Abstract Objective This study was designed to discover the dissemination of virulence genes in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from clinical, community and environmental settings. Results This study includes 1165 isolates collected from hospital, community and environmental settings. Among them sixty three were confirmed as MRSA with varied SCCmec types viz; type I, type II, type III, type IV, type V, type VI, type VII, type VIII and type XII. The virulence gene such as sea (n = 54), seb (n = 21), eta (n = 27), etb (n = 2), cna (n = 24), ica (n = 2) and tst (n = 30) was also revealed from this study. The study underscores coexistence of resistance cassette and virulence genes among clinical and environment isolates which is first of its kind from this part of the world.


2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 814
Author(s):  
Suhag Patel ◽  
Sunita Garg ◽  
Sumit Sabharwal ◽  
Neetika Jain ◽  
Shadabul Islam ◽  
...  

AIM: The purpose of this study was to describe the external and internal anatomy of the mandibular premolars. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 100 extracted human permanent mandibular first and second premolars teeth were collected. The length of the tooth from the cusp tip to root apex was measured with the help of Vernier calliper. In case of curved roots, ligature wire was adapted to the root and then straightened and measured. Each tooth was examined for the number of roots, curvature of root, presence of root canal invagination. India ink was injected into the pulp chamber through the access opening with a no.27 gauge needle mounted on a disposable syringe. The ink was then drawn through the root canal system by applying negative pressure to the apical end of tooth with the use of central suction system. RESULTS: The average (mean) length of mandibular first premolar was 22.25 mm. Average (mean) length of mandibular second premolar was 21.90 mm. Mandibular first premolar had a ribbon shaped root canal orifice in 35% of teeth. Mandibular second premolar had a ribbon shaped of root canal orifice in 44% teeth. Mesial invagination of the root was found in 18% of first and 8% second mandibular premolar teeth. 78% had a Type I canal pattern with Type II, Type IV, Type V, Type VI and Type VII canals being identified in 1%, 2%, 13%, 2% and 1% of the teeth respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Complex root canal anatomy frequently found with mandibular premolars among which more common with mandibular first premolars in Indian population.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masanori Abe ◽  
Ikuto Masakane ◽  
Atsushi Wada ◽  
Shigeru Nakai ◽  
Kosaku Nitta ◽  
...  

Background: Dialyzers are classified as low-flux, high-flux, and protein-leaking membrane dialyzers internationally and as types I, II, III, IV, and V based on β2-microglobulin clearance rate in Japan. Type I dialyzers correspond to low-flux membrane dialyzers, types II and III to high-flux membrane dialyzers, and types IV and V to protein-leaking membrane dialyzers. Here we aimed to clarify the association of dialyzer type with mortality.Methods: This nationwide retrospective cohort study analyzed data from the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy Renal Data Registry from 2010 to 2013. We enrolled 238,321 patients on hemodialysis who were divided into low-flux, high-flux, and protein-leaking groups in the international classification and into type I to V groups in the Japanese classification. We assessed the associations of each group with 3-year all-cause mortality using Cox proportional hazards models and performed propensity score matching analysis.Results: By the end of 2013, 55,308 prevalent dialysis patients (23.2%) had died. In the international classification subgroup analysis, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) was significantly higher in the low-flux group [1.12 (1.03–1.22), P = 0.009] and significantly lower in the protein-leaking group [0.95 (0.92–0.98), P = 0.006] compared with the high-flux group after adjustment for all confounders. In the Japanese classification subgroup analysis, the hazard ratios were significantly higher for types I [1.10 (1.02–1.19), P = 0.015] and II [1.10 (1.02–1.39), P = 0.014] but significantly lower for type V [0.91 (0.88–0.94), P &lt; 0.0001] compared with type IV after adjustment for all confounders. These significant findings persisted after propensity score matching under both classifications.Conclusions: Hemodialysis using protein-leaking dialyzers might reduce mortality rates. Furthermore, type V dialyzers are superior to type IV dialyzers in hemodialysis patients.


reportaendo ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
JENNY GUERRERO FERRECCIO ◽  
CAMILA ADRIANA PERALTA MIER

Introducción: El tratamiento endodontico representa en la actualidad una gran rama en el área de la odontología de importancia para la preservación de piezas dentales, que se verían afectadas por el ataque de agentes externos y que comprometen su funcionabilidad y estética, pero la complejidad de la anatomía de los conductos de todos los dientes en general aún sigue siendo un problema, más aun en los premolares, ya que estos a diferencia de las demás piezas dentarias, tienen diferentes formas y cantidad de conductos radiculares. (6) Propósito: El propósito de este estudio es demostrar la importancia del conocimiento sobre la anatomía radicular y sus variaciones anatómicas, para minimizar el fracaso al realizar una terapia endodontica. Objetivo: El objetivo directo de este estudio es determinar las variaciones anatómicas de premolares superiores e inferiores y su relación con estructuras anatómicas de pacientes atendidos endodónticamente, el año 2016, en la clínica Nexodent de la ciudad de Guayaquil, mediante el uso de sus tomografías previas a  su tratamiento.Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron 70 tomografías de 41 pacientes atendidos en el año 2016 en la clínica Nexodent de la ciudad de Guayaquil. Al momento de analizar cada tomografía se tomaron tres fotografías de cortes tomografcos: coronal, axial y sagital para obtener una información variada de su anatomía. Resultados: De las tomografías revisadas, el 71% fue de género femenino. El 29% de género masculino. Los resultados encontrados del número de conductos en las piezas dentales registradas señalan que el 56% de los casos presenta 1 sólo conducto. En cuanto a la variación anatómica de las piezas dentales estudiadas, se utilizó la clasifcación de Vertucci. El 56% de las piezas dentales es de Tipo I, el 26% es de Tipo IV, el 11% es de Tipo II, y el restante son de Tipo V. Se analizó la distancia entre cada premolar maxilar hasta el seno maxilar y en promedio la distancia fue de 5,3 mm. La distancia promedio de los premolares mandibulares hasta el foramen mentoniano fue de 6,21 mm. La principal localización encontrada para el orifcio del foramen apical fue el centro con el 58% de los casos.Discusión: Se obtuvo mayoría de aciertos sobre los estudios realizados con los estudios de las referencias bibliográfcas excepto en; La incidencia de los conductos en los segundos premolares superiores en que se obtuvo mayoria de un conducto en lugar de dos. En la distancia promedio del apice de los primeros premolares mandibulares con el agujero mentoniano en donde las distancias promedios fueron mayores. En la localizacion del foramen apical en la pieza #35, en que hubo mayor localizacion del foramen en el centro y no hacia distal.Conclusión: Se puede concluir que el mejor examen complementario para analizar la anatomía de conductos es la tomografía y que los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación no fueron muy distintos en comparación a investigaciones realizadas por otros autores.    AbstractIntroduction: Endodontic treatment currently represents a large branch in the area of dentistry of importance for the preservation of dental pieces, which would be afected by the attack of external agents and compromise its functionality and aesthetics, but the complexity of the root Canals anatomy of all teeth in general still remains a problem, even more so in the premolars as these unlike other teeth, have diferent forms and quantity of root Canals. 6 Purpose: The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the importance of knowledge about the root canal anatomy and its anatomical variations, in order to minimize the failure in an endodontic therapy.Objective: The direct objective of this study is to determine the anatomical variations of upper and lower premolars and their relationship with anatomical structures of endodontically treated patients, in 2016, at the Nexodent Clinic of the city of Guayaquil, using their tomography prior to its treatment. Materials and methods: We analyzed 70 CT scans of 41 patients seen in 2016 at the Nexodent clinic in the city of Guayaquil. At the moment of analyzing each tomography three photographs were taken: coronal, axial and sagittal to obtain al the information of its anatomy. Results: Of the CT scans reviewed, 71% were female, 29% male. The results found of the number of root canals in the registered dental pieces indicate that 56% of the cases present 1 only conduit. Regarding the anatomical variation of the studied dental pieces, the Vertucci classifcation was used 56% of the teeth are Type I, 26% are Type IV, 11% are Type II, and the rest are Type V. The average distance between the maxillary premolars to the maxillary sinus was 5.3 mm. The mean distance from the mandibular premolars to the mental foramen was 6.21 mm. The main location found for the apical foramen was the center with 58% of the cases. Discussion: the mayority of the studies carried out with the studies of the bibliographical references where equal except in; The incidence of root canals in the upper second premolars where the mayority of one root was obtained instead of two. In the average distance of the apex of the frst mandibular premolars with the mental foramen where the average distances were greater. In the location of the apical foramen in # 35, in which there was greater location of foramen in the center and not distal. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the best complementary exam to analyze the anatomy of root Canals is the tomography and that the results obtained in this investigation were not very diferent  in comparison to investigations realized by other authors. 


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepshikha Bhowmik ◽  
Shiela Chetri ◽  
Bhaskar Jyoti Das ◽  
Debadatta Dhar Chanda ◽  
Amitabha Bhattacharjee

Abstract Objective: This study was designed to discover the dissemination of virulence genes in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from clinical and environmental settings. Results: The virulence gene such as sea (n=54), seb (n=21), eta (n=27), etb (n=2), cna (n=24), ica (n=2) and tst (n=30) was revealed from this study. Different SCCmec types such as type I, type II, type III, type IV, type V, type VI, type VII, type VIII and type XII were detected among sixty three MRSA isolates where SCCmec type II having ST1551 and type V with ST2416 were found to be associated with multidrug resistance and were highly prevalent in the study area.


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