scholarly journals A New Classification of Talocalcaneal Coalitions Based On Computed Tomography For Operative Planning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anhong Wang ◽  
Weili Shi ◽  
Linxin Chen ◽  
Xing Xie ◽  
Feng Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Talocalcaneal Coalition ◽  
Operative Planning ◽  
Accessory Ossicle

Abstract Background Current classifications emphasize the morphology of the coalition, however, subtalar joint facets involved should also be emphasized.Objective The objective of this study was to develop a new classification system based on the articular facets involved to cover all coalitions and guide operative planning.Methods Patients were diagnosed with talocalcaneal coalition using a CT scan, between January 2009 and February 2021. We classified the coalition into four main types according to the shape and nature of the coalition: I, inferiorly overgrown talus or superiorly overgrown calcaneus; II, both talus and calcaneus overgrew; III, coalition with an accessory ossicle; (I-III types are non-osseous coalition) IV, complete osseous coalition. Then each type was further divided into three subtypes according to the articular facets involved. A, the coalition involving the anterior facets; M, the coalition involving the middle facets, and P, the coalition involving the posterior facets.Results There were 106 patients (108 feet) included in this study. Overall, 8 feet (7.5%) were classified as type I, 75 feet (69.4%) as type II, 7 feet (6.5%) as type III, and 18 feet (16.7%) as type IV. Twenty-nine coalitions (26.9%) involved the posterior facets only (subtype-P), 74 coalitions (68.5%) involved both the middle and posterior facets (subtype-MP), and five coalitions (4.6%) simultaneously involved the anterior, middle, and posterior facets (subtype-AMP). Type II-MP coalition was the most common.Conclusion A new classification system of the talocalcaneal coalition to facilitate operative planning was developed.

scholarly journals A new classification of talocalcaneal coalitions based on computed tomography for operative planning

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anhong Wang ◽  
Weili Shi ◽  
Lixiang Gao ◽  
Linxin Chen ◽  
Xing Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Main Type ◽  
Interobserver Reliability ◽  
Weighted Kappa ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Talocalcaneal Coalition ◽  
Operative Planning

Abstract Background Current classifications emphasize the morphology of the coalition, however, subtalar joint facets involved should also be emphasized. Objective The objective of this study was to develop a new classification system based on the articular facets involved to cover all coalitions and guide operative planning. Methods Patients were diagnosed with talocalcaneal coalition using a CT scan, between January 2009 and February 2021. The coalition was classified into four main types according to the shape and nature of the coalition: I, inferiorly overgrown talus or superiorly overgrown calcaneus; II, both talus and calcaneus overgrew; III, coalition with an accessory ossicle; IV, complete osseous coalition (I-III types are non-osseous coalition). Then each type was further divided into three subtypes according to the articular facets involved. A, the coalition involving the anterior facets; M, the coalition involving the middle facets, and P, the coalition involving the posterior facets. Interobserver reliability was measured at the main type (based on nature and shape) and subtype (articular facet involved) using weighted Kappa. Results There were 106 patients (108 ft) included in this study. Overall, 8 ft (7.5%) were classified as type I, 75 ft (69.4%) as type II, 7 ft (6.5%) as type III, and 18 ft (16.7%) as type IV. Twenty-nine coalitions (26.9%) involved the posterior facets only (subtype-P), 74 coalitions (68.5%) involved both the middle and posterior facets (subtype-MP), and five coalitions (4.6%) simultaneously involved the anterior, middle, and posterior facets (subtype-AMP). Type II-MP coalition was the most common. The value of weighted Kappa for the main type was 0.93 (95%CI 0.86–0.99) (p<0.001), and the value for the subtype was 0.78 (95%CI 0.66–0.91) (p<0.001). Conclusion A new classification system of the talocalcaneal coalition to facilitate operative planning was developed.

Histological Investigation of the Palatine Bone in Prenatal Trisomy 21

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 492-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halfdan Lauridsen ◽  
Birgit Fischer Hansen ◽  
Ingermarie Reintoft ◽  
Jean W. Keeling ◽  
Inger Kjær
Keyword(s):  
Trisomy 21 ◽  
Type I ◽  
Histological Investigation ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Human Fetuses ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Horizontal Part ◽  
Palatine Bone

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the horizontal part of the palatine bone in palates from human fetuses with trisomy 21 to improve the phenotypic classification of the genotypic anomaly. Methods: Material from 23 human trisomy 21 fetuses was included in the study. The crown rump lengths of the fetuses ranged from 80 mm to 190 mm, corresponding to about 12 to 21 weeks of gestational age. The material was examined histologically. Results and Conclusions: Histological examination demonstrated four different palatal phenotypes on the basis of the development of the horizontal part of the palatine bone: type I, palatine bone complete; type II, the mesial region of the horizontal part of the palatine bone is lacking; type III, complete absence of the horizontal part of the palatine bone; and type IV, auxiliary bones in the region of the transpalatine suture. This finding shows that different types of malformations may occur in the horizontal part of the palatine bone in human trisomy 21 fetuses.

Syntheses of Post-Iboga Alkaloids

Synthesis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (14) ◽  
pp. 2737-2758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeonggeun Lim ◽  
Sikwang Seong ◽  
Sunkyu Han
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Synthetic Studies ◽  
Type V

Post-iboga alkaloids are secondary metabolites that are biosynthetically derived from iboga-type alkaloids via rearrangements of the indole and/or isoquinuclidine moieties. Herein, we categorize post-iboga alkaloids into five types based on the biosynthetic mode of transformation of the iboga scaffold. We then describe reported syntheses of post-iboga alkaloids, including our laboratory’s recent contributions, based on our own categorization.1 Introduction1.1 Iboga and Post-Iboga Alkaloids1.2 Classification of Post-Iboga Alkaloids1.2.1 Introduction to Type I Post-Iboga Alkaloids1.2.2 Introduction to Type II Post-Iboga Alkaloids1.2.3 Introduction to Type III Post-Iboga Alkaloids1.2.4 Introduction to Type IV Post-Iboga Alkaloids1.2.5 Introduction to Type V Post-Iboga Alkaloids2 Syntheses of Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.1 Syntheses of Type I Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.1.1 Syntheses of Monomeric Type I Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.1.2 Syntheses of Dimeric Type I Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.2 Syntheses of Type II Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.3 Synthetic Studies Toward Type III Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.4 Syntheses of Type IV Post-Iboga Alkaloids2.5 Synthesis of Type V Post-Iboga Alkaloids3 Conclusion and Outlook

scholarly journals A New Classification of Anterior Choroidal Artery Aneurysms and Its Clinical Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Duan ◽  
Xuanfeng Qin ◽  
Qinqzhu An ◽  
Yikui Liu ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Diverter ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Anterior Choroidal Artery ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Anterior Choroidal ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Choroidal Artery

Background and Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the different subtypes of anterior choroidal artery (AChoA) aneurysm based on a new classification and to analyze the risk factors according to individual endovascular treatment (EVT).Methods: In the new classification, AChoA aneurysms are classified into independent type (I type) and dependent type (II type) based on the relationship between the AChoA and the aneurysm. II type aneurysms have three subtypes, IIa (neck), IIb (body), and IIc (direct). We retrospectively analyzed 52 cases of AChoA aneurysm treated in our center between 2015 to 2019. There were 13 (25.0%) I type aneurysms, 24 (46.2%) IIa aneurysms, 15 (28.8%) IIb aneurysms, and no IIc type; 28 cases had a subarachnoid hemorrhage. According to our preoperative EVT plan for the different subtypes: II type should achieve Raymond-Roy Occlusion Class 1 (RROC 1) where possible. To protect the AChoA, it is best to preserve the neck of the IIa type aneurysms (RROC 2), and RROC 3 is enough for IIb type.Results: Ten asymptomatic cases with minimal aneurysms were treated conservatively. Of the other cases, 42 were treated with individualized EVT (26 with a simple coil, 6 with balloon-assisted coiling, 7 with stent-assisted coiling, and 3 by flow diverter. Different subtypes had different RROC (Z = 14.026, P = 0.001). IIb type aneurysms (χ2 = 7.54, P = 0.023) were one of the factors related to temporary or permanent AChoA injury during surgery. Overall, two patients (IIa = 1, IIb = 1) developed contralateral hemiparesis.Conclusions: The new classification diagram clearly shows the features of all types of AChoA aneurysm and makes EVT planning more explicit. The II type (particularly IIb) was a potential risk factor for AChoA injury.

scholarly journals A new ultrasound and clinical classification for management of prostatic abscess

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucio Dell’Atti
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Type I ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Prostatic Abscess ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Type V ◽  
Sonographic Pattern

Objectives: In literature, most of the published data regarding prostatic abscess (PA) are case reports, whereas there is no standardization of the diagnostic and therapeutic routines. The purpose of this study is a new classification of ultrasound imaging of PA with clinical features correlation. Material and Methods: We retrospectively analysed the ultrasound database archives and performed a MEDLINE<sup>®</sup> research of the peer reviewed literature on diagnosis and case reports of PA using the terms “prostate and abscess”. Results: PA can be classified into five Types: Type I - PA is present focally in a prostate lobe (≤ 10 mm). Type II - PA is present in a prostate lobe (&gt; 10 mm) and/or partially overcrosses the border of the midline prostatic glandular. Type III - PA is present in both glandular lobes form of multifocal areas (≤ 10 mm). Type IV - PA is present in both glandular lobes form of multifocal areas (&gt; 10 mm). Type V - PA involving intra or extraprostatic structures (bladder, urethra, seminal vesicles and prostatic capsule). The different ultrasound imaging and diagnostic criteria are listed for each type and subtype. Conclusions: The sonographic pattern of PA is usually characteristic and easily differentiated from other glandular lesions. The purpose of the study was to associate the use of TRUS to a clinical standardized classification in order to facilitate PA diagnosis and localization directing the clinician treatment to the correct management and adequate therapeutic treatment.

scholarly journals Tremor Types in Parkinson Disease: A Descriptive Study Using a New Classification

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Gironell ◽  
Berta Pascual-Sedano ◽  
Ignacio Aracil ◽  
Juan Marín-Lahoz ◽  
Javier Pagonabarraga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson Disease ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Action Tremor ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Resting Tremor ◽  
Type Iv

Background. The current classification of tremor types in Parkinson disease (PD) is potentially confusing, particularly for mixed tremor, and there is no label for pure resting tremor. With a view to better defining the clinical phenomenological classification of these tremors, our group relabeled the different types as follows: pure resting tremor (type I); mixed resting and action tremor with similar frequencies (type II) divided, according to action tremor presentation, into II-R when there is a time lag and II-C otherwise; pure action tremor (type III); and mixed resting and action tremor with differing frequencies (type IV). We performed a descriptive study to determine prevalence and clinical correlates for this new tremor classification. Patient/Methods. A total of 315 consecutively recruited patients with PD and tremor were clinically evaluated. X2 tests were used to assess tremor type associations with categorical variables, namely, sex, family history of PD, motor fluctuations, and anticholinergic and beta-blocker use. With tremor type as the independent variable, ANOVA was performed to study the relationship between dependent quantitative variables, namely, age, age at PD diagnosis, disease duration, and UPDRS scores for rigidity. Results. The studied patients had tremor types as follows: type I, 30%; type II, 50% (II-R, 25% and II-C, 25%); type III, 19%; and type IV, 1%. No significant association was found between the studied clinical variables and tremor types. Conclusions. Mixed tremor was the most common tremor type in our series of patients with PD according to our proposed classification, which we hope will enhance understanding of the broad clinical phenomenology of PD.

scholarly journals Types of Haemolytic Streptococci in Relation to Scarlet Fever (Second Report)

1927 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Scarlet Fever ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Fresh Blood ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Differential Characters ◽  
Reliable Classification

A series of 222 strains has been analysed serologically and 156 have been found to react with one or other of four sera prepared with haemolytic streptococci of scarlatinal origin.Among the 156 strains the four chief types were distributed in the following proportions: 10 of Type I, 57 of Type II, 45 of Type III and 44 of Type IV.The remaining 66 strains of the series have not yet been classified; though they certainly include individualistic strains, there may be other types to be defined by further analysis.The four chief types are well defined and can generally be identified by direct agglutination. Cross-agglutination may cause confusion when suspensions are unstable, in which case resort must be made to agglutinin absorption. In addition, certain Type I strains may also agglutinate with Type III serum.Analysis of clinical data in a series of 100 cases shows clearly that a fairly severe form of scarlatina with greater tendency to complications is often caused by infection with Type II scarlatinal streptococcus; Type II has so far been found only in association with scarlet fever.There were nine instances where two or more members of the same family developed scarlatina; in six instances the same type was found in each patient and in three each patient yielded an unclassified strain. In one instance the strains from two members of the same family were different.Haemolytic streptococcus colonies on fresh blood agar present three chief varieties; there are minor differences between these dependent on the amount of moisture in the medium.There is a certain correlation between variety of colony and serological type. Type III colonies retain a soft consistency after two days' incubation, while the other types generally become tough and can be lifted from the medium as a whole.Rough and smooth colonies with differential characters analogous to those occurring in pneumococcus cultures have not been identified. An interesting change in appearance is the production of a clear dome-shaped watery or slightly mucinous colony (3rd variety) in a culture which ordinarily forms either more or less opaque or soft coherent colonies.There is evidence that the proportions of the four main types are likely to vary in different localities and in different outbreaks of scarlet fever in the same locality.The importance of a reliable classification of haemolytic streptococci is discussed.

scholarly journals Cystic Duct Carcinoma: A New Classification System and the Clinicopathological Features of 62 Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingxi Nan ◽  
Changcheng Wang ◽  
Yajie Dai ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Xiaobo Bo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Duct ◽  
Survival Data ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Duct Carcinoma ◽  
Cystic Duct Carcinoma

BackgroundCystic duct carcinoma (CDC) is a rare biliary malignancy with a low incidence and poor prognosis. However, the clinical landscape of the disease has not been clarified and no widely applicable classification system has been developed.MethodsSixty-two patients with CDC were included in this retrospective study, and a new classification system was established using imaging data. Blood indices, radiological characteristics, pathological features, surgical procedures, and overall survival data were collected. The efficacy of the new classification in predicting resectability was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and K-means clustering and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding were applied to verify the conclusion.ResultsThe pT stage of patients with type II CDC was significantly worse than that of type I. Patients with type II CDC were more likely to experience distant metastasis and invasion of the nervous system, vascular system, and liver. The resectability of patients with type II CDC was significantly worse than that of patients with type I CDC. Patients with type II CDC had worse prognoses. ROC curve analysis and K-means clustering revealed that the new classification could better categorize patients with CDC than currently available systems.ConclusionPatients with type II CDC have significantly worse clinicopathological outcomes. The new classification system has better accuracy in grouping patients with CDC.

scholarly journals A proposal for a new classification of coracobrachialis muscle morphology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Szewczyk ◽  
Michał Polguj ◽  
Friedrich Paulsen ◽  
Michał Podgórski ◽  
Fabrice Duparc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Coracoid Process ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Muscle Belly ◽  
Medial Head

Abstract Introduction The coracobrachialis muscle (CRM) originates from the apex of the coracoid process, in common with the short head of the biceps brachii muscle, and from the intermuscular septum. It inserts to the medial part of the humerus between the attachment of the medial head of the triceps brachii and the brachial muscle. Both the proximal and distal attachments of the CRM, as well as its relationship with the musculocutaneus nerve, demonstrate morphological variability. Material and methods One hundred and one upper limbs (52 left, and 49 right) fixed in 10% formalin solution were examined. Results Three main types, with subtypes, were identified. The most common was Type I (49.5), characterized by a single muscle belly with a classical origin from the coracoid process, medially and posteriorly to the tendon of the biceps brachii. Type II (42.6%), characterized by two heads, was divided into two subtypes (A-B) depending on its origin: Type IIA, where one head originated from the coracoid process posteriorly to the tendon of the biceps brachii and the second head from the short head of the biceps brachii, and Type IIB, in which both heads originated from the coracoid process; however, the superficial head fused with the insertion of a short head of the biceps brachii, while the deep head was directly originating. Finally, Type III (7.9%) was characterized by three heads: two originated from the coracoid process (superficial and deep), and the third from a short head of the biceps brachii. Two types of insertion and two types of musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) relative to CRM could be distinguished. Conclusion An adapted classification is needed for all clinicians working in this area, as well as for anatomists. The CRM demonstrates morphological variability in both its proximal and distal attachments, as well as the variable course of the MCN relative to the CRM. What is known about this subject "and" What this study adds to existing knowledge Not much is known about the variability of coracobrachialis muscle. The present paper introduces a completely new classification, both clinical and anatomical.

scholarly journals Morphology of Mesiobuccal Root Canals of Maxillary First Molars: a comparison of CBCT scanning and Cross-sectioning

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 525-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina Maria Lyra ◽  
Débora Delai ◽  
Keila Cristina Rausch Pereira ◽  
Guy Martins Pereira ◽  
Bráulio Pasternak Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Cbct Analysis

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molars, according to the root canal configuration, prevalence and location of isthmuses at 3 and 6 mm from the apex, comparing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) analysis and cross sectioning of roots by thirds. Images of the mesiobuccal root of 100 maxillary first molars were acquired by CBCT and then roots were cross-sectioned into two parts, starting at 3 mm from the apex. Data were recorded and analyzed according to Weine's classification for root canal configuration, and Hsu and Kim's classification for isthmuses. In the analysis of CBCT images, 8 root canals were classified as type I, 57 as type II, 35 as type III. In the cross-sectioning technique, 19 root canals were classified as type I, 60 as type II, 20 as type III and 1 as type IV. The classification of isthmuses was predominantly type I in both CBCT and cross-sectioning evaluations for sections at 3 mm from the apex, while for sections at 6 mm from the apex, the classification of isthmuses was predominantly types V and II in CBCT and cross-sectioning evaluations, respectively. The cross-sectioning technique showed better results in detection of the internal morphology of root canals than CBCT scanning.

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