scholarly journals Changes in "natural antibiotic" metabolite composition during tetraploid wheat domestication

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuval Ben-Abu ◽  
Mark Itsko
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Emmer Wheat ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Data ◽  
Plant Domestication ◽  
Metabolic Profiles

AbstractGramineous plants protect their seeds from a variety of biotic stresses by producing toxic and deterrent secondary metabolites such as benzoxazinoids. It is unclear how the composition and abundance of these natural toxins has changed over the course of crop-plant domestication. To address this uncertainty, we characterized differences in metabolic levels of benzoxazinoids and their derivatives, between four lines of tetraploid wheat: wild emmer wheat (WEW), the direct progenitor of modern wheat; non-fragile domesticated emmer wheat (DEW), which was first domesticated about 11,000 years ago; the subsequently developed non-fragile and free-threshing durum landraces (LD); and modern durum (MD) varieties. Three-dimensional principal component analysis of mass spectrometry data of wheat metabolites showed with high resolution clear differences between metabolic profiles of WEW, DEW, and durum (LD + MD) and similarity in the metabolic profiles of the two durum lines (LD and MD) that is coherent with the phylogenetic relationship between the corresponding wheat lines. Moreover, our results indicated that some secondary metabolites involved in plant defense mechanisms became significantly more abundant during wheat domestication, while other defensive metabolites decreased or were lost. These metabolic changes reflect the beneficial or detrimental roles the corresponding metabolites might play during the domestication of three taxonomic subspecies of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum).

scholarly journals Changes in "Natural Antibiotic" Metabolite Composition During Tetraploid Wheat Domestication

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuval Ben-Abu ◽  
Mark Itsko
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Emmer Wheat ◽  
Plant Domestication ◽  
Metabolic Profiles ◽  
Crop Resistance ◽  
Natural Pesticides ◽  
Modern Wheat ◽  
Wheat Lines

Abstract Plants defend themselves by producing toxins and deterrent metabolites. However, it is unclear how the composition and abundance of these natural pesticides have changed over the course of crop-plant domestication. To address this uncertainty, we characterized differences in secondary metabolites, particularly Benzoxazinoids and its derivates, among four lines of tetraploid wheat: wild emmer wheat (WEW), the direct progenitor of modern wheat; non-fragile domesticated emmer wheat (DEW), which was first domesticated about 11,000 years ago; the subsequently developed non-fragile and free-threshing durum landraces (LD); and modern durum (MD) varieties. Mass spectrometry analyses showed that the metabolome of the embryo of the mature kernel was more complex than that of the endosperm. Clear differences were observed among the metabolic profiles of WEW, DEW, and durum (LD + MD); the metabolic profiles of the two durum lines (LD and MD) were similar. Our results indicated that underappreciated classes of metabolites involved in plant defense mechanisms became significantly more abundant during wheat domestication, while other defensive metabolites decreased or were lost. It may be that the use of industrial pesticides has led to the loss of these endogenous defense metabolites. The re-expression of such “lost” metabolites in modern wheat might help to improve crop resistance, while reducing dependence on harmful industrial pesticides. In addition, we detected alterations in antioxidant composition among wheat lines, as well as increases in levels of plant hormones and antibiotic substances in the more modern lines as compared to the more primitive lines. Here, we show how DIMBOA and its derivates change during wheat domestication, and how this change may effect on the domestication of three taxonomic subspecies of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum).

scholarly journals Variability of total soluble phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in a collection of tetraploid wheat

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Pasqualone ◽  
Laura Nunzia Delvecchio ◽  
Giacomo Mangini ◽  
Francesca Taranto ◽  
Antonio Blanco
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Scavenging Capacity ◽  
Wild Accessions

The total soluble phenolic compounds (TSPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) of 113 tetraploid wheat samples including cultivars, landraces, and wild accessions of different Triticum turgidum subspecies, were assessed to point out potential sources for cereal-based functional foods. TSPC ranged from 1.28 to 3.15 mg g-1 as ferulic acid equivalents and AA, assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity test, ranged from 47.5% to 81.7%. Among cultivars of ssp. durum, the highest levels were observed in ‘Timilia’ and ‘Svevo’, while the ssp. dicoccoides showed the highest TSPC and AA among the accessions. The principal component analysis of data discriminated cultivars from wild accessions, and PC1 explained about 62% of variability. The TSPC were negatively correlated with thousand-kernel weight and grain yield per spike, while were positively correlated with AA, grain protein content, polyphenol oxidase activity, and brown index of whole meal and dough. The cultivar ‘Langdon’ coupled high TSPC and low brownness.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Leaf Rust Resistance in the Spanish Core Collection of Tetraploid Wheat Landraces and Association with Ecogeographical Variables

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 277
Author(s):  
Fernando Martínez-Moreno ◽  
Patricia Giraldo ◽  
María del Mar Cátedra ◽  
Magdalena Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Core Collection ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Leaf Rust Resistance ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Emmer Wheat ◽  
Wheat Landraces

Spain has a great landrace diversity of the subspecies of the tetraploid species Triticum turgidum L., namely, durum (or durum wheat), turgidum (or rivet wheat) and dicoccon (or domesticated emmer wheat). These wheats have to confront several foliar diseases such as the leaf rust. In this work, a core collection of 94 landraces of tetraploid wheats were inoculated with three leaf rust isolates. Besides, a larger collection (of 192 accessions) was evaluated in the field. Although the majority of landraces were susceptible, approximately 20% were resistant, especially domesticated emmer wheat landraces. Several variables, such as late heading and red coat seeds were associated to resistant accessions. Regarding ecogeographic variables, a higher rainfall from October to February and more uniform temperature were found in the area of origin of resistant landraces. Based on these results, several resistant landraces were identified that potentially may be used in durum wheat breeding programs. In addition, a predictive model was elaborated to develop smaller subsets for future screening with a higher hit rate for rust resistance.

A Study on Utilization of Three-Dimensional Sensor Lip Image for Developing a Pronunciation Recognition System

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 50402-1-50402-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ing-Jr Ding ◽  
Chong-Min Ruan
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Automatic Speech Recognition ◽  
Feature Fusion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Geometrical Characteristics ◽  
3D Geometry ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Disabled

Abstract The acoustic-based automatic speech recognition (ASR) technique has been a matured technique and widely seen to be used in numerous applications. However, acoustic-based ASR will not maintain a standard performance for the disabled group with an abnormal face, that is atypical eye or mouth geometrical characteristics. For governing this problem, this article develops a three-dimensional (3D) sensor lip image based pronunciation recognition system where the 3D sensor is efficiently used to acquire the action variations of the lip shapes of the pronunciation action from a speaker. In this work, two different types of 3D lip features for pronunciation recognition are presented, 3D-(x, y, z) coordinate lip feature and 3D geometry lip feature parameters. For the 3D-(x, y, z) coordinate lip feature design, 18 location points, each of which has 3D-sized coordinates, around the outer and inner lips are properly defined. In the design of 3D geometry lip features, eight types of features considering the geometrical space characteristics of the inner lip are developed. In addition, feature fusion to combine both 3D-(x, y, z) coordinate and 3D geometry lip features is further considered. The presented 3D sensor lip image based feature evaluated the performance and effectiveness using the principal component analysis based classification calculation approach. Experimental results on pronunciation recognition of two different datasets, Mandarin syllables and Mandarin phrases, demonstrate the competitive performance of the presented 3D sensor lip image based pronunciation recognition system.

scholarly journals A Proof-of-Concept Algorithm for the Retrieval of Total Column Amount of Trace Gases in a Multi-Dimensional Atmosphere

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 270
Author(s):  
Adrian Doicu ◽  
Dmitry S. Efremenko ◽  
Thomas Trautmann
Keyword(s):  
Trace Gases ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Discrete Ordinate ◽  
Distribution Method ◽  
Total Column

An algorithm for the retrieval of total column amount of trace gases in a multi-dimensional atmosphere is designed. The algorithm uses (i) certain differential radiance models with internal and external closures as inversion models, (ii) the iteratively regularized Gauss–Newton method as a regularization tool, and (iii) the spherical harmonics discrete ordinate method (SHDOM) as linearized radiative transfer model. For efficiency reasons, SHDOM is equipped with a spectral acceleration approach that combines the correlated k-distribution method with the principal component analysis. The algorithm is used to retrieve the total column amount of nitrogen for two- and three-dimensional cloudy scenes. Although for three-dimensional geometries, the computational time is high, the main concepts of the algorithm are correct and the retrieval results are accurate.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analyses of Myometrium from Fibroid Patients Reveals Phenotypic Differences Compared to Non-Diseased Myometrium

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3618
Author(s):  
Emmanuel N. Paul ◽  
Gregory W. Burns ◽  
Tyler J. Carpenter ◽  
Joshua A. Grey ◽  
Asgerally T. Fazleabas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uterine Fibroid ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Uterine Fibroids ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Gene Set Enrichment ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
False Discovery ◽  
Gene Sets ◽  
High Concordance

Uterine fibroid tissues are often compared to their matched myometrium in an effort to understand their pathophysiology, but it is not clear whether the myometria of uterine fibroid patients represent truly non-disease control tissues. We analyzed the transcriptomes of myometrial samples from non-fibroid patients (M) and compared them with fibroid (F) and matched myometrial (MF) samples to determine whether there is a phenotypic difference between fibroid and non-fibroid myometria. Multidimensional scaling plots revealed that M samples clustered separately from both MF and F samples. A total of 1169 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (false discovery rate < 0.05) were observed in the MF comparison with M. Overrepresented Gene Ontology terms showed a high concordance of upregulated gene sets in MF compared to M, particularly extracellular matrix and structure organization. Gene set enrichment analyses showed that the leading-edge genes from the TGFβ signaling and inflammatory response gene sets were significantly enriched in MF. Overall comparison of the three tissues by three-dimensional principal component analyses showed that M, MF, and F samples clustered separately from each other and that a total of 732 DEGs from F vs. M were not found in the F vs. MF, which are likely understudied in the pathogenesis of uterine fibroids and could be key genes for future investigation. These results suggest that the transcriptome of fibroid-associated myometrium is different from that of non-diseased myometrium and that fibroid studies should consider using both matched myometrium and non-diseased myometrium as controls.

scholarly journals Metabolomics for Biomarker Discovery: Key Signatory Metabolic Profiles for the Identification and Discrimination of Oat Cultivars

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Chanel J. Pretorius ◽  
Fidele Tugizimana ◽  
Paul A. Steenkamp ◽  
Lizelle A. Piater ◽  
Ian A. Dubery
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Cultivar Identification ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Metabolic Profiles ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Metabolic Markers ◽  
Leaves And Roots

The first step in crop introduction—or breeding programmes—requires cultivar identification and characterisation. Rapid identification methods would therefore greatly improve registration, breeding, seed, trade and inspection processes. Metabolomics has proven to be indispensable in interrogating cellular biochemistry and phenotyping. Furthermore, metabolic fingerprints are chemical maps that can provide detailed insights into the molecular composition of a biological system under consideration. Here, metabolomics was applied to unravel differential metabolic profiles of various oat (Avena sativa) cultivars (Magnifico, Dunnart, Pallinup, Overberg and SWK001) and to identify signatory biomarkers for cultivar identification. The respective cultivars were grown under controlled conditions up to the 3-week maturity stage, and leaves and roots were harvested for each cultivar. Metabolites were extracted using 80% methanol, and extracts were analysed on an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight (qTOF) high-definition mass spectrometer analytical platform. The generated data were processed and analysed using multivariate statistical methods. Principal component analysis (PCA) models were computed for both leaf and root data, with PCA score plots indicating cultivar-related clustering of the samples and pointing to underlying differential metabolic profiles of these cultivars. Further multivariate analyses were performed to profile differential signatory markers, which included carboxylic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, phenolic compounds (hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids, and associated derivatives) and flavonoids, among the respective cultivars. Based on the key signatory metabolic markers, the cultivars were successfully distinguished from one another in profiles derived from both leaves and roots. The study demonstrates that metabolomics can be used as a rapid phenotyping tool for cultivar differentiation.

scholarly journals Identification and functional analysis of cadmium-binding protein in the visceral mass of Crassostrea gigas

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zehua Zheng ◽  
Kazuhiro Kawakami ◽  
Dingkun Zhang ◽  
Lumi Negishi ◽  
Mohamed Abomosallam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tryptophan Fluorescence ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Titration Calorimetry ◽  
Visceral Mass ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass

AbstractThe Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is a traditional food worldwide. The soft body of the oyster can easily accumulate heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd). To clarify the molecular mechanism of Cd accumulation in the viscera of C. gigas, we identified Cd-binding proteins. 5,10,15,20-Tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphinetetrasulfonic acid, disulfuric acid, tetrahydrate, and Cd-binding competition experiments using immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography revealed the binding of water-soluble high molecular weight proteins to Cd, including C. gigas protein disulfide isomerase (cgPDI). Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analyses revealed two CGHC motifs in cgPDI. The binding between Cd and rcgPDI was confirmed through a Cd-binding experiment using the TPPS method. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) revealed the binding of two Cd ions to one molecule of rcgPDI. Circular dichroism (CD) spectrum and tryptophan fluorescence analyses demonstrated that the rcgPDI bound to Cd. The binding markedly changed the two-dimensional or three-dimensional structures. The activity of rcgPDI measured by a PDI Activity Assay Kit was more affected by the addition of Cd than by human PDI. Immunological analyses indicated that C. gigas contained cgPDI at a concentration of 1.0 nmol/g (viscera wet weight). The combination of ITC and quantification results revealed that Cd-binding to cgPDI accounted for 20% of the total bound Cd in the visceral mass. The findings provide new insights into the defense mechanisms of invertebrates against Cd.

scholarly journals Function and evolution of allelic variation of Sr13 conferring resistance to stem rust in tetraploid wheat ( Triticum turgidum L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baljeet K. Gill ◽  
Daryl L. Klindworth ◽  
Matthew N. Rouse ◽  
Jinglun Zhang ◽  
Qijun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Rust ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document