Changes in "Natural Antibiotic" Metabolite Composition During Tetraploid Wheat Domestication

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.21203/rs.3.rs-640259/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yuval Ben-Abu ◽

Mark Itsko

Keyword(s):

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Triticum Turgidum ◽

Tetraploid Wheat ◽

Emmer Wheat ◽

Plant Domestication ◽

Metabolic Profiles ◽

Crop Resistance ◽

Natural Pesticides ◽

Modern Wheat ◽

Wheat Lines

Abstract Plants defend themselves by producing toxins and deterrent metabolites. However, it is unclear how the composition and abundance of these natural pesticides have changed over the course of crop-plant domestication. To address this uncertainty, we characterized differences in secondary metabolites, particularly Benzoxazinoids and its derivates, among four lines of tetraploid wheat: wild emmer wheat (WEW), the direct progenitor of modern wheat; non-fragile domesticated emmer wheat (DEW), which was first domesticated about 11,000 years ago; the subsequently developed non-fragile and free-threshing durum landraces (LD); and modern durum (MD) varieties. Mass spectrometry analyses showed that the metabolome of the embryo of the mature kernel was more complex than that of the endosperm. Clear differences were observed among the metabolic profiles of WEW, DEW, and durum (LD + MD); the metabolic profiles of the two durum lines (LD and MD) were similar. Our results indicated that underappreciated classes of metabolites involved in plant defense mechanisms became significantly more abundant during wheat domestication, while other defensive metabolites decreased or were lost. It may be that the use of industrial pesticides has led to the loss of these endogenous defense metabolites. The re-expression of such “lost” metabolites in modern wheat might help to improve crop resistance, while reducing dependence on harmful industrial pesticides. In addition, we detected alterations in antioxidant composition among wheat lines, as well as increases in levels of plant hormones and antibiotic substances in the more modern lines as compared to the more primitive lines. Here, we show how DIMBOA and its derivates change during wheat domestication, and how this change may effect on the domestication of three taxonomic subspecies of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum).

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Changes in "natural antibiotic" metabolite composition during tetraploid wheat domestication

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-98764-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yuval Ben-Abu ◽

Mark Itsko

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Triticum Turgidum ◽

Tetraploid Wheat ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Principal Component ◽

Emmer Wheat ◽

Mass Spectrometry Data ◽

Plant Domestication ◽

Metabolic Profiles

AbstractGramineous plants protect their seeds from a variety of biotic stresses by producing toxic and deterrent secondary metabolites such as benzoxazinoids. It is unclear how the composition and abundance of these natural toxins has changed over the course of crop-plant domestication. To address this uncertainty, we characterized differences in metabolic levels of benzoxazinoids and their derivatives, between four lines of tetraploid wheat: wild emmer wheat (WEW), the direct progenitor of modern wheat; non-fragile domesticated emmer wheat (DEW), which was first domesticated about 11,000 years ago; the subsequently developed non-fragile and free-threshing durum landraces (LD); and modern durum (MD) varieties. Three-dimensional principal component analysis of mass spectrometry data of wheat metabolites showed with high resolution clear differences between metabolic profiles of WEW, DEW, and durum (LD + MD) and similarity in the metabolic profiles of the two durum lines (LD and MD) that is coherent with the phylogenetic relationship between the corresponding wheat lines. Moreover, our results indicated that some secondary metabolites involved in plant defense mechanisms became significantly more abundant during wheat domestication, while other defensive metabolites decreased or were lost. These metabolic changes reflect the beneficial or detrimental roles the corresponding metabolites might play during the domestication of three taxonomic subspecies of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum).

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Production of synthetic wheat lines to exploit the genetic diversity of emmer wheat and D genome containing Aegilops species in wheat breeding

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-76475-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ghader Mirzaghaderi ◽

Zinat Abdolmalaki ◽

Rahman Ebrahimzadegan ◽

Farshid Bahmani ◽

Fatemeh Orooji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Bread Wheat ◽

Triticum Turgidum ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Emmer Wheat ◽

Synthetic Wheat ◽

D Genome ◽

Synthetic Hexaploid ◽

Wheat Lines

AbstractDue to the accumulation of various useful traits over evolutionary time, emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum and dicoccoides, 2n = 4x = 28; AABB), durum wheat (T. turgidum subsp. durum, 2n = 4x = 28; AABB), T. timopheevii (2n = 4x = 28; AAGG) and D genome containing Aegilops species offer excellent sources of novel variation for the improvement of bread wheat (T. aestivum L., AABBDD). Here, we made 192 different cross combinations between diverse genotypes of wheat and Aegilops species including emmer wheat × Ae. tauschii (2n = DD or DDDD), durum wheat × Ae. tauschii, T. timopheevii × Ae. tauschii, Ae. crassa × durum wheat, Ae. cylindrica × durum wheat and Ae. ventricosa × durum wheat in the field over three successive years. We successfully recovered 56 different synthetic hexaploid and octaploid F2 lines with AABBDD, AABBDDDD, AAGGDD, D1D1XcrXcrAABB, DcDcCcCcAABB and DvDvNvNvAABB genomes via in vitro rescue of F1 embryos and spontaneous production of F2 seeds on the Fl plants. Cytogenetic analysis of F2 lines showed that the produced synthetic wheat lines were generally promising stable amphiploids. Contribution of D genome bearing Aegilops and the less-investigated emmer wheat genotypes as parents in the crosses resulted in synthetic amphiploids which are a valuable resource for bread wheat breeding.

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Association between the HMW-glutenin subunits and gluten strength characteristics in khorassan wheat lines - Short Communications

Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding ◽

10.17221/39/2009-cjgpb ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 45 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 169-172 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Carmona ◽

L. Caballero ◽

J.B. Alvarez

Keyword(s):

Triticum Turgidum ◽

Tetraploid Wheat ◽

General Characteristic ◽

Gluten Strength ◽

Wheat Species ◽

Glutenin Subunits ◽

Subunit Combination ◽

Sedimentation Volume ◽

Hmw Glutenin ◽

Wheat Lines

Khorassan wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. turanicum Jakubz em. A. Löve & D. Löve) is an ancient tetraploid wheat that was grown in the Mediterranean region and Near East. Sixteen lines differing in the composition of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMWGs) were evaluated for SDS-sedimentation volume and quality index (QI). The data suggested that the two subunit combinations detected in the examined materials at the Glu-B1 locus showed differences in both characteristics (relatively higher levels at the presence of the subunit combination 7+15 compared to 6+8). Weak gluten is in general characteristic of this wheat species. It could be used in a better way for other baking applications than for the pasta industry.

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Evaluation of Leaf Rust Resistance in the Spanish Core Collection of Tetraploid Wheat Landraces and Association with Ecogeographical Variables

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11040277 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 277

Author(s):

Fernando Martínez-Moreno ◽

Patricia Giraldo ◽

María del Mar Cátedra ◽

Magdalena Ruiz

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Leaf Rust ◽

Core Collection ◽

Rust Resistance ◽

Triticum Turgidum ◽

Tetraploid Wheat ◽

Leaf Rust Resistance ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Emmer Wheat ◽

Wheat Landraces

Spain has a great landrace diversity of the subspecies of the tetraploid species Triticum turgidum L., namely, durum (or durum wheat), turgidum (or rivet wheat) and dicoccon (or domesticated emmer wheat). These wheats have to confront several foliar diseases such as the leaf rust. In this work, a core collection of 94 landraces of tetraploid wheats were inoculated with three leaf rust isolates. Besides, a larger collection (of 192 accessions) was evaluated in the field. Although the majority of landraces were susceptible, approximately 20% were resistant, especially domesticated emmer wheat landraces. Several variables, such as late heading and red coat seeds were associated to resistant accessions. Regarding ecogeographic variables, a higher rainfall from October to February and more uniform temperature were found in the area of origin of resistant landraces. Based on these results, several resistant landraces were identified that potentially may be used in durum wheat breeding programs. In addition, a predictive model was elaborated to develop smaller subsets for future screening with a higher hit rate for rust resistance.

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Function and evolution of allelic variation of Sr13 conferring resistance to stem rust in tetraploid wheat ( Triticum turgidum L.)

The Plant Journal ◽

10.1111/tpj.15263 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Baljeet K. Gill ◽

Daryl L. Klindworth ◽

Matthew N. Rouse ◽

Jinglun Zhang ◽

Qijun Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Rust ◽

Triticum Turgidum ◽

Allelic Variation ◽

Tetraploid Wheat

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The Independent Domestication of Timopheev’s Wheat: Insights from Haplotype Analysis of the Brittle rachis 1 (BTR1-A) Gene

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12030338 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 338

Author(s):

Moran Nave ◽

Mihriban Taş ◽

John Raupp ◽

Vijay K. Tiwari ◽

Hakan Ozkan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Promoter Region ◽

Haplotype Analysis ◽

Common Ancestor ◽

Triticum Turgidum ◽

Tetraploid Wheat ◽

Wheat Species ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Brittle Rachis ◽

Gene Level ◽

Large Panel

Triticum turgidum and T. timopheevii are two tetraploid wheat species sharing T. urartu as a common ancestor, and domesticated accessions from both of these allopolyploids exhibit nonbrittle rachis (i.e., nonshattering spikes). We previously described the loss-of-function mutations in the Brittle Rachis 1 genes BTR1-A and BTR1-B in the A and B subgenomes, respectively, that are responsible for this most visible domestication trait in T. turgidum. Resequencing of a large panel of wild and domesticated T. turgidum accessions subsequently led to the identification of the two progenitor haplotypes of the btr1-A and btr1-B domesticated alleles. Here, we extended the haplotype analysis to other T. turgidum subspecies and to the BTR1 homologues in the related T. timopheevii species. Our results showed that all the domesticated wheat subspecies within T. turgidum share common BTR1-A and BTR1-B haplotypes, confirming their common origin. In T. timopheevii, however, we identified a novel loss-of-function btr1-A allele underlying a partially brittle spike phenotype. This novel recessive allele appeared fixed within the pool of domesticated Timopheev’s wheat but was also carried by one wild timopheevii accession exhibiting partial brittleness. The promoter region for BTR1-B could not be amplified in any T. timopheevii accessions with any T. turgidum primer combination, exemplifying the gene-level distance between the two species. Altogether, our results support the concept of independent domestication processes for the two polyploid, wheat-related species.

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Molecular characterization and chromosome-specific TRAP-marker development for Langdon durum D-genome disomic substitution lines

Genome ◽

10.1139/g06-114 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 49 (12) ◽

pp. 1545-1554 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

J. Li ◽

D.L. Klindworth ◽

F. Shireen ◽

X. Cai ◽

J. Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Triticum Turgidum ◽

Tetraploid Wheat ◽

Substitution Lines ◽

Genome Chromosome ◽

D Genome ◽

Single Chromosome ◽

B Genome ◽

The Individual ◽

Trap Marker

The aneuploid stocks of durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husnot) and common wheat ( T. aestivum L.) have been developed mainly in ‘Langdon’ (LDN) and ‘Chinese Spring’ (CS) cultivars, respectively. The LDN-CS D-genome chromosome disomic substitution (LDN-DS) lines, where a pair of CS D-genome chromosomes substitute for a corresponding homoeologous A- or B-genome chromosome pair of LDN, have been widely used to determine the chromosomal locations of genes in tetraploid wheat. The LDN-DS lines were originally developed by crossing CS nulli-tetrasomics with LDN, followed by 6 backcrosses with LDN. They have subsequently been improved with 5 additional backcrosses with LDN. The objectives of this study were to characterize a set of the 14 most recent LDN-DS lines and to develop chromosome-specific markers, using the newly developed TRAP (target region amplification polymorphism)-marker technique. A total of 307 polymorphic DNA fragments were amplified from LDN and CS, and 302 of them were assigned to individual chromosomes. Most of the markers (95.5%) were present on a single chromosome as chromosome-specific markers, but 4.5% of the markers mapped to 2 or more chromosomes. The number of markers per chromosome varied, from a low of 10 (chromosomes 1A and 6D) to a high of 24 (chromosome 3A). There was an average of 16.6, 16.6, and 15.9 markers per chromosome assigned to the A-, B-, and D-genome chromosomes, respectively, suggesting that TRAP markers were detected at a nearly equal frequency on the 3 genomes. A comparison of the source of the expressed sequence tags (ESTs), used to derive the fixed primers, with the chromosomal location of markers revealed that 15.5% of the TRAP markers were located on the same chromosomes as the ESTs used to generate the fixed primers. A fixed primer designed from an EST mapped on a chromosome or a homoeologous group amplified at least 1 fragment specific to that chromosome or group, suggesting that the fixed primers might generate markers from target regions. TRAP-marker analysis verified the retention of at least 13 pairs of A- or B-genome chromosomes from LDN and 1 pair of D-genome chromosomes from CS in each of the LDN-DS lines. The chromosome-specific markers developed in this study provide an identity for each of the chromosomes, and they will facilitate molecular and genetic characterization of the individual chromosomes, including genetic mapping and gene identification.

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Cytogenetic Studies in Ethiopian Landraces of Tetraploid Wheat (Triticum Turgidum L.) I. Spike Morphology vs Ploidy Level and Karyomorphology

Hereditas ◽

10.1111/j.1601-5223.1994.00045.x ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 121 (1) ◽

pp. 45-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Getachew Belay ◽

Arnulf Merker ◽

Tesfaye Tesemma

Keyword(s):

Ploidy Level ◽

Triticum Turgidum ◽

Tetraploid Wheat ◽

Spike Morphology ◽

Cytogenetic Studies

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Triticum polonicum L. as potential source material for the biofortification of wheat with essential micronutrients

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

10.1017/s1479262118000394 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (03) ◽

pp. 213-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Teresa Bieńkowska ◽

Elżbieta Suchowilska ◽

Wolfgang Kandler ◽

Rudolf Krska ◽

Marian Wiwart

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Common Wheat ◽

Principal Component ◽

Small Scale ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Triticum Polonicum ◽

Iron And Zinc ◽

Modern Wheat ◽

Wheat Lines ◽

Source Materials

AbstractThe grain of modern wheat cultivars has a significantly lower mineral content, including the content of copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorous, selenium and zinc. For this reason cereal breeders, are constantly searching for new genetic sources of minerals that are essential in human nutrition. Triticum polonicum, which is grown on a small scale in Spain, southern Italy, Algeria, Ethiopia and warm regions of Asia, deserves special attention in this context. The micronutrient and macronutrient content of T. polonicum versus T. durum and T. aestivum was compared in this study. Polish wheat grain was characterized by the significantly highest content of phosphorus (4.55 g/kg), sulphur (1.82 g/kg), magnesium (1.42 g/kg), zinc (49.5 mg/kg), iron (39.1 mg/kg) and boron (0.56 mg/kg) as well as a low content of aluminium (only 1.04 mg/kg). The macronutrient profile of most T. polonicum lines differed completely from that of common wheat and durum wheat. The principal component analysis supported discrimination of seven Polish wheat lines with a particularly beneficial micronutrient profile (P2, P3, P5, P7, P9, P22 and P25). These lines were characterized by the highest content of copper, iron and zinc, as well as the lowest concentrations of strontium, aluminium and barium which are undesirable in food products. The above lines can be potentially applied as source materials for breeding new wheat varieties. The results of this study indicate that Polish wheat could be used in genetic biofortification of durum wheat and common wheat.

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