scholarly journals Biological nitrous oxide consumption in oxygenated waters of the high latitude Atlantic Ocean

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Rees ◽  
Ian J. Brown ◽  
Amal Jayakumar ◽  
Gennadi Lessin ◽  
Paul J. Somerfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Intermediate Step ◽  
Anoxic Environments ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Net Flux ◽  
Traditional Understanding

AbstractNitrous oxide (N2O) is important to the global radiative budget of the atmosphere and contributes to the depletion of stratospheric ozone. Globally the ocean represents a large net flux of N2O to the atmosphere but the direction of this flux varies regionally. Our understanding of N2O production and consumption processes in the ocean remains incomplete. Traditional understanding tells us that anaerobic denitrification, the reduction of NO3− to N2 with N2O as an intermediate step, is the sole biological means of reducing N2O, a process known to occur in anoxic environments only. Here we present experimental evidence of N2O removal under fully oxygenated conditions, coupled with observations of bacterial communities with novel, atypical gene sequences for N2O reduction. The focus of this work was on the high latitude Atlantic Ocean where we show bacterial consumption sufficient to account for oceanic N2O depletion and the occurrence of regional sinks for atmospheric N2O.

scholarly journals Production and consumption of nitrous oxide in nitrate-ammonifying Wolinella succinogenes cells

Microbiology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 160 (8) ◽  
pp. 1749-1759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monique Luckmann ◽  
Daniel Mania ◽  
Melanie Kern ◽  
Lars R. Bakken ◽  
Åsa Frostegård ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Anaerobic Respiration ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Wolinella Succinogenes ◽  
Terminal Electron Acceptor ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

Global warming is moving more and more into the public consciousness. Besides the commonly mentioned carbon dioxide and methane, nitrous oxide (N2O) is a powerful greenhouse gas in addition to its contribution to depletion of stratospheric ozone. The increasing concern about N2O emission has focused interest on underlying microbial energy-converting processes and organisms harbouring N2O reductase (NosZ), such as denitrifiers and ammonifiers of nitrate and nitrite. Here, the epsilonproteobacterial model organism Wolinella succinogenes is investigated with regard to its capacity to produce and consume N2O during growth by anaerobic nitrate ammonification. This organism synthesizes an unconventional cytochrome c nitrous oxide reductase (cNosZ), which is encoded by the first gene of an atypical nos gene cluster. However, W. succinogenes lacks a nitric oxide (NO)-producing nitrite reductase of the NirS- or NirK-type as well as an NO reductase of the Nor-type. Using a robotized incubation system, the wild-type strain and suitable mutants of W. succinogenes that either produced or lacked cNosZ were analysed as to their production of NO, N2O and N2 in both nitrate-sufficient and nitrate-limited growth medium using formate as electron donor. It was found that cells growing in nitrate-sufficient medium produced small amounts of N2O, which derived from nitrite and, most likely, from the presence of NO. Furthermore, cells employing cNosZ were able to reduce N2O to N2. This reaction, which was fully inhibited by acetylene, was also observed after adding N2O to the culture headspace. The results indicate that W. succinogenes cells are competent in N2O and N2 production despite being correctly grouped as respiratory nitrate ammonifiers. N2O production is assumed to result from NO detoxification and nitrosative stress defence, while N2O serves as a terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration. The ecological implications of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide production and consumption: regulation of gene expression by gas-sensitive transcription factors

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1593) ◽  
pp. 1213-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Spiro
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Transcription Initiation ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Production ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

Several biochemical mechanisms contribute to the biological generation of nitrous oxide (N 2 O). N 2 O generating enzymes include the respiratory nitric oxide (NO) reductase, an enzyme from the flavo-diiron family, and flavohaemoglobin. On the other hand, there is only one enzyme that is known to use N 2 O as a substrate, which is the respiratory N 2 O reductase typically found in bacteria capable of denitrification (the respiratory reduction of nitrate and nitrite to dinitrogen). This article will briefly review the properties of the enzymes that make and consume N 2 O, together with the accessory proteins that have roles in the assembly and maturation of those enzymes. The expression of the genes encoding the enzymes that produce and consume N 2 O is regulated by environmental signals (typically oxygen and NO) acting through regulatory proteins, which, either directly or indirectly, control the frequency of transcription initiation. The roles and mechanisms of these proteins, and the structures of the regulatory networks in which they participate will also be reviewed.

scholarly journals Biogeochemical controls and isotopic signatures of nitrous oxide production by a marine ammonia-oxidizing bacterium

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 3019-3059 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Frame ◽  
K. L. Casciotti
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
N2o Production ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
Ammonium N ◽  
O2 Concentration ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Production ◽  
Global Estimates ◽  
Cell Densities ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacterium

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a trace gas that contributes to greenhouse warming of the atmosphere and stratospheric ozone depletion. The N2O yield from nitrification (moles N2O-N produced/mole ammonium-N consumed) has been used to estimate marine N2O production rates from measured nitrification rates and global estimates of oceanic export production. However, the N2O yield from nitrification is not constant. Previous culture-based measurements indicate that N2O yield increases as oxygen (O2) concentration decreases and as nitrite (NO2−) concentration increases. These results were obtained in substrate-rich conditions and may not reflect N2O production in the ocean. Here, we have measured yields of N2O from cultures of the marine β-proteobacterium Nitrosomonas marina C-113a as they grew on low-ammonium (50 μM) media. These yields were lower than previous reports, between 4×10−4 and 7×10−4 (moles N/mole N). The observed impact of O2 concentration on yield was also smaller than previously reported under all conditions except at high starting cell densities (1.5×10

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emissions are enhanced in a warmer and wetter world

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (45) ◽  
pp. 12081-12085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Griffis ◽  
Zichong Chen ◽  
John M. Baker ◽  
Jeffrey D. Wood ◽  
Dylan B. Millet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Corn Belt ◽  
Emission Mitigation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Agricultural Regions

Nitrous oxide (N2O) has a global warming potential that is 300 times that of carbon dioxide on a 100-y timescale, and is of major importance for stratospheric ozone depletion. The climate sensitivity of N2O emissions is poorly known, which makes it difficult to project how changing fertilizer use and climate will impact radiative forcing and the ozone layer. Analysis of 6 y of hourly N2O mixing ratios from a very tall tower within the US Corn Belt—one of the most intensive agricultural regions of the world—combined with inverse modeling, shows large interannual variability in N2O emissions (316 Gg N2O-N⋅y−1to 585 Gg N2O-N⋅y−1). This implies that the regional emission factor is highly sensitive to climate. In the warmest year and spring (2012) of the observational period, the emission factor was 7.5%, nearly double that of previous reports. Indirect emissions associated with runoff and leaching dominated the interannual variability of total emissions. Under current trends in climate and anthropogenic N use, we project a strong positive feedback to warmer and wetter conditions and unabated growth of regional N2O emissions that will exceed 600 Gg N2O-N⋅y−1, on average, by 2050. This increasing emission trend in the US Corn Belt may represent a harbinger of intensifying N2O emissions from other agricultural regions. Such feedbacks will pose a major challenge to the Paris Agreement, which requires large N2O emission mitigation efforts to achieve its goals.

Examination of the 2002 major warming in the southern hemisphere using ground-based and Odin/SMR assimilated data: stratospheric ozone distributions and tropic/mid-latitude exchange

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (11) ◽  
pp. 1287-1300 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bencherif ◽  
L El Amraoui ◽  
N Semane ◽  
S Massart ◽  
D Vidyaranya Charyulu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Height Range ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
European Centre

Following an exceptionally active winter, the 2002 Southern Hemisphere (SH) major warming occurred in late September. It was preceded by three minor warming events that occurred in late August and early September, and yielded vortex split and break-down over Antarctica. Ozone (O3 and nitrous oxide (N2O) profiles obtained during that period of time (15 August – 4 October) by the Sub-Millimetre Radiometer (SMR) aboard the Odin satellite are assimilated into MOCAGE (Modélisation Isentrope du transport Mésoéchelle de l'Ozone Stratosphérique par Advection), a global three-dimensional chemistry transport model of Météo-France. The assimilated algorithm is a three-dimensional-FGAT built by the European Centre for Research and Advance Training in Scientific Computation (CERFACS) using the PALM (Projet d'Assimilation par Logiciel Multi-méthode) software. The assimilated O3 and N2O profiles and isentropic distributions are compared to ground-based measurements (LIDAR and balloon-sonde) and to maps of advected potential vorticity (APV). The latter is computed by the MIMOSA (Modélisation Isentrope du transport Mésoéchelle de l'Ozone Stratosphérique par Advection) model, a high-resolution advection transport model, using meteorological fields from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). It is found that O3 concentrations retrieved by the MOCAGE–PALM assimilation system show a reasonably good agreement in the 20–28 km height range when compared with ground-based profiles. This altitude range corresponds to the intersection between the MOCAGE levels (0–28 km) and SMR O3 retrievals (20–50 km). Moreover, comparison of N2O assimilated fields with MIMOSA APV maps indicates that the dramatic split and subsequent break-down of the polar vortex, as well as the associated mixing of mid- and low-latitude stratospheric air, are well resolved and pictured by MOCAGE–PALM. The present study demonstrates also that the tremendous dynamics and associated polar vortex deformations during the 2002-austral-winter have modified ozone and nitrous oxide distributions not only at the vicinity of the polar vortex, but over topics and subtropics as well. PACS Nos.: 92.60.H–, 92.60.Hd, 92.70.Cp, 92.70.Gt

Deforestation for oil palm: impact on microbially mediated methane and nitrous oxide emissions, and soil bacterial communities

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kaupper ◽  
Stefanie Hetz ◽  
Steffen Kolb ◽  
Sukhwan Yoon ◽  
Marcus A. Horn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Soil Bacterial Communities ◽  
Soil Bacterial

scholarly journals Cropland soil–plant systems control production and consumption of methane and nitrous oxide and their emissions to the atmosphere

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Hayashi ◽  
Takeshi Tokida ◽  
Masako Kajiura ◽  
Yosuke Yanai ◽  
Midori Yano
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Control Production ◽  
Systems Control
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