scholarly journals Warming temperatures lead to reduced summer carbon sequestration in the U.S. Corn Belt

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongjie Yu ◽  
Timothy J. Griffis ◽  
John M. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corn Belt ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Crop Growth Stage ◽  
Global Carbon

AbstractThe response of highly productive croplands at northern mid-latitudes to climate change is a primary source of uncertainty in the global carbon cycle, and a concern for future food production. We present a decadal time series (2007 to 2019) of hourly CO2 concentration measured at a very tall tower in the United States Corn Belt. Analyses of this record, with other long-term data in the region, reveal that warming has had a positive impact on net CO2 uptake during the early crop growth stage, but has reduced net CO2 uptake in both croplands and natural ecosystems during the peak growing season. Future increase in summer temperature is projected to reduce annual CO2 sequestration in the Corn Belt by 10–20%. These findings highlight the dynamic control of warming on cropland CO2 exchange and crop yields and challenge the paradigm that warming will continue to favor CO2 sequestration in northern mid-latitude ecosystems.

School Physical Education, Extracurricular Sports, and Lifelong Active Living

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Bocarro ◽  
Michael A. Kanters ◽  
Jonathan Casper ◽  
Scott Forrester
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
After School ◽  
Active Living ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Intramural Sports

The purpose of this article is to examine the role of school-based extracurricular initiatives in facilitating immediate and long-term positive impact on physical activity, healthy behavior, and obesity in children. A critique of the role of various sports-related initiatives that have been developed to address the obesity epidemic currently facing children within the United States is provided, with a specific emphasis on intramural sports as a preferred mechanism to encourage long-term involvement in sport and physically active pursuits. The article presents support for the notion that a physical education curriculum that includes intramurals before, during, and after school can help children learn the skills to enjoy participation in a variety of sports designed to facilitate lifelong active living.

scholarly journals Theoretical and applied aspects of the use of agricultural and forest meliorative plantations of Ukraine for energy purposes

Bioenergy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Roik ◽  
Ya. D. Fuchylo ◽  
O. M. Hanzhenko
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Forest Plantations ◽  
Bioenergy Feedstock ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Protective Forest ◽  
Surrounding Areas

Protective forest plantations are an important part of forest-agricultural landscapes and one of the most effective long-term and relatively inexpensive measures to combat wind and water soil erosion. They have a positive effect on the microclimate of the surrounding areas and can significantly increase crop yields. Also, under certain conditions, they can become an important source of bioenergy feedstock. Goal. Development of theoretical bases and practical measures of the use of agroforestry reclamation plantations of Ukraine for energy purposes. Methods. In the course of the research it was envisaged to develop schemes of protective forest plantations on the basis of the analysis of the existing information, long-term production and scientific experience which, at full performance of ecological functions, can be used for obtaining bioenergy feedstock. Results. It is established that for the simultaneous use of protective forest plantations as a source of energy biomass it is necessary to include fast-growing woody plants (willow, poplar, acacia, maple, etc.) in rows or backstage, which are expected to be periodically cut for biomass. Such plants are then intensively restored by growth from stumps. The basis of such plantations for long-term and permanent performance of their protective functions should mainly consists of the rows of oak trees. Conclusions. Protective forest plantations, in addition to the positive impact on the microclimate of the environment and a significant increase in the productivity of agricultural land, can also play an important role as a source of bioenergy feedstock. Today, forest protection plantations are losing their functions for various reasons and need to be reconstructed. At the same time, along with the restoration of protective plantations, it will be possible to obtain about 54.6 million tons of wood for energy needs and form new protective plantations, which, along with improving the ecological environment, will create a reliable feedstock base for bioenergy. The schemes presented in the article can be applied at the stage of restoration and expansion of the field protection system to increase their energy role.

Assessing Mobile Value-Added Preference Structures

2014 ◽  
pp. 228-249
Author(s):  
Opal Donaldson ◽  
Evan W. Duggan
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Application ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Telecommunications Industry ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
The United States ◽  
Voice Communication ◽  
Data Services ◽  
Preference Structures

Globally, the telecommunications industry is transitioning from a business model that relied heavily on voice communication as the primary source of income to one in which data services provide the largest share of revenues. This trend is evident in Europe, the United States, India, and several other countries. However, while data services have been introduced widely, not all countries have experienced the same level of success. In this chapter, we posit that the differences in economic benefit are directly related to the cultural uniqueness of each mobile market and recommend a consumer-centric approach as a potential solution to successful market uptake. Cultural uniqueness is evident in the consumption of high levels of multimedia content in South Korea which is not enjoyed in other economies despite the push by telecommunication providers. It is also evident in the success of mobile banking for the unbanked poor in parts of Africa but western societies have not exploited its potential. In this research, we used Anckar and D’Incau’s (2002) analytical framework to assess consumer value-added preference structures by exploring the market preferences of a developing country which exhibits the characteristics of a telecommunication market that is saturated and poised for data services integration. The findings suggest that all value-added characteristics evaluated had a positive impact on consumer desirability for a mobile application. Most importantly, the findings highlighted that the inclusion of value-added features within a mobile application is not enough but optimizing the desired combination for a user group may be critical.

Assessing Mobile Value-Added Preference Structures

2013 ◽  
pp. 349-370
Author(s):  
Opal Donaldson ◽  
Evan W. Duggan
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Application ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Telecommunications Industry ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
The United States ◽  
Voice Communication ◽  
Data Services ◽  
Preference Structures

Globally, the telecommunications industry is transitioning from a business model that relied heavily on voice communication as the primary source of income to one in which data services provide the largest share of revenues. This trend is evident in Europe, the United States, India, and several other countries. However, while data services have been introduced widely, not all countries have experienced the same level of success. In this chapter, we posit that the differences in economic benefit are directly related to the cultural uniqueness of each mobile market and recommend a consumer-centric approach as a potential solution to successful market uptake. Cultural uniqueness is evident in the consumption of high levels of multimedia content in South Korea which is not enjoyed in other economies despite the push by telecommunication providers. It is also evident in the success of mobile banking for the unbanked poor in parts of Africa but western societies have not exploited its potential. In this research, we used Anckar and D’Incau’s (2002) analytical framework to assess consumer value-added preference structures by exploring the market preferences of a developing country which exhibits the characteristics of a telecommunication market that is saturated and poised for data services integration. The findings suggest that all value-added characteristics evaluated had a positive impact on consumer desirability for a mobile application. Most importantly, the findings highlighted that the inclusion of value-added features within a mobile application is not enough but optimizing the desired combination for a user group may be critical.

scholarly journals Long-Term Care Market Trend and Patterns of Caregiving in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 84-85
Author(s):  
Rashmita Basu
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Formal Care ◽  
Term Care

Abstract Objectives: The current study aims to: 1) identify patterns of the use of long-term care services and supports (LTSS) among community-dwelling individuals; 2) examine if the changes in supply of formal care predict the use of informal care (IC). Methods: Linking the market supply of formal LTSS to individual level Health and Retirement Survey data from (N=7,781), descriptive and regression analysis were performed. Results: Supply of formal home and residential LTSS indicates a stronger upward trend. More than 90% of people used IC and 40% received both informal and formal help. People aged under 60 years, IC from spouse dominates but then falls sharply and an adult child becomes the primary source. More than 20% reported unmet needs. Regression analysis indicates that the formal home care supply significantly predicts the likelihood of using IC. But the rate and intensity of unpaid IC use among individuals aged 85 or older is low and that of paid formal care use are highest. We find that about 20% of care recipients experienced at least one unmet need with ADL assistance in our sample. The prevalence of an unmet need sharply decreases as individuals receive care from multiple caregivers (including paid professionals) but receiving care from too many caregivers contributes to higher unmet ADL needs. Discussion: The findings suggest opportunities to create a holistic system of care for people needing LTSS.

scholarly journals Assessing the Contribution of Agriculture for Boosting Nepalese Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Omkar Poudel ◽  
Khom Raj Kharel ◽  
Yadav Mani Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Growth Economic

Agriculture sector is the main components of economic development of developing countries likeNepal. This sector contributes boosting economy in terms of GDP, employment and food security,as more than 60% of Nepalese residents chose agriculture as their primary source of income. Theincrease in output and productivity in this sector is crucial for reducing poverty through long-term,high-growth economic growth. Increased agricultural production and output are important contrib-utors to the country's overall economic development. This study aims to look at how the agriculturesector contributes to the Nepalese economy's growth. Using data collected over a 20-year period,a simple linear regression model has applied to determine the economic impact of farm sector pro-duction on real GDP. The study finds a positive impact of agriculture sector on real GDP and othersectors. Though, agriculture sector has been facing diversified challenges improving its productionin Nepal.

scholarly journals Strategic Tillage Effects on Crop Yields, Soil Properties, and Weeds in Dryland No-Tillage Systems

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 662
Author(s):  
Augustine K. Obour ◽  
Johnathon D. Holman ◽  
Logan M. Simon ◽  
Alan J. Schlegel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
K Concentration

Long-term no-till (NT) systems in the semiarid central Great Plains of the United States require flexible management strategies to minimize the impacts of herbicide resistant (HR) kochia (Kochia scoparia L.) and tumble windmill grass (Chloris verticillata Nutt.) as well as nutrient stratification on soil and crop productivity. This study examined strategic tillage (ST) to control HR weeds and improve crop yields in an otherwise long-term NT cropping system. Treatments were three crop rotations: (1) continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (WW); (2) wheat-fallow (WF); and (3) wheat-grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)-fallow (WSF); as main plots. Subplots were reduced tillage (RT), continuous NT, and ST of NT. Results showed ST and RT treatments provided significant control of HR weeds. Soil water content at wheat planting was significantly less with RT compared to NT or ST. Strategic tillage did not affect wheat or grain sorghum yields, but RT decreased sorghum yields by 15% compared to NT. Increasing cropping intensity reduced wheat yields. Strategic tillage reduced bulk density and had no effect on aggregate size distribution or mean weight diameter (MWD) compared to NT though RT reduced the proportion of large macroaggregates and MWD. Similarly, ST compared to NT had no effect on soil organic carbon (SOC) or nitrogen (N) concentrations. Soil phosphorus (P) was not different among the tillage treatments though RT increased potassium (K) concentration near the soil surface. The SOC, MWD, and micronutrient availability were greatest with WW though it had significantly lower pH and K concentration. Our results suggest ST could provide a mitigation option for HR weeds in NT systems with little impact on crop yields and soil properties.

scholarly journals Magnitude, Trends, and Impacts of Ambient Long-Term Ozone Exposure in the United States from 2000–2015

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl M. Seltzer ◽  
Drew T. Shindell ◽  
Prasad Kasibhatla ◽  
Christopher S. Malley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
The United States ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Human Health Impacts

Abstract. Long-term exposure to ambient ozone (O3) is associated with a variety of impacts, including adverse human-health effects and reduced yields in commercial crops. Ground-level O3 concentrations for assessments are typically predicted using chemical transport models, however such methods often feature biases that can influence impact estimates. Here, we develop and apply artificial neural networks to empirically model long-term O3 exposure over the continental United States from 2000–2015, and generate a measurement-based assessment of impacts on human-health and crop yields. Notably, we find that two commonly-used human-health averaging metrics, based on separate epidemiological studies, differ in their trends over the study period. The population-weighted, April–September average of the daily 1-hour maximum concentration peaked in 2002 at 55.9 ppb and decreased by −0.43 [95 % CI: −0.28, −0.57] ppb/yr between 2000–2015, yielding a ~ 18 % decrease in normalized human-health impacts. In contrast, there was little change in the population-weighted, annual average of the maximum daily 8-hour average concentration between 2000–2015, which resulted in a ~ 5 % increase in normalized human-health impacts. In both cases, an aging population structure played a substantial role in modulating these trends. By contrast, all agriculture-weighted crop-loss metrics featured decreasing trends, leading to reductions in the estimated national relative yield loss ranging from 1.7–1.9 % for maize, 5.1–7.1 % for soybeans, and 2.7 % for wheat. Overall, these results provide a measurement-based estimate of long-term O3 exposure over the United States, quantify the historical magnitude, trends, and impacts of such exposure, and illustrate how different conclusions regarding historical impacts can be made through the use of varying metrics.

scholarly journals Addressing Racial Disparities in NIH Funding

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Comfort
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Grant Funding

The United States (US) must strategically invest in diversifying its biomedical workforce to retain global leadership in biomedical research and to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in the US. The under-representation of minority groups in the biomedical sciences is influenced by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant funding process which relies heavily on peer review subject to bias. Despite recent initiatives to combat structural racism within the NIH, the NIH has done little to rectify racial disparities in funding allocation that have been known for over a decade. In this report, I evaluate current NIH proposals to reduce bias in peer review and present stronger policy options for reducing inequity in grant funding. I recommend that the NIH treat the race/ethnicity funding disparity as it did the early career investigator disparity and immediately relax paylines and simultaneously prioritize research topics that align with interests of under-represented investigators, while working to develop a modified lottery for grant funding as a long-term solution to the biases that can influence grant peer review. Policies to address disparities in grant funding will diversify the biomedical workforce and have a profound and long-term positive impact on providing equitable access to science careers, regardless of race.

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