Research on the Spread Path and Evolution Causes of Oral Language in the Digital Era

Visual orientation seems to indicate the decline of oral communication, but oral communication has its own living space under the new media ecology. Research has found that in the digital media era, voice communication is manifested as a single-level feature that simulates current interaction and information communication. Although voice communication is a lie constructed by individuals, the interaction between the subject’s discourse and the actual field of interaction separate the emotional distance, but the situation is harmonious and inclusive. The following voice communication and new media technologies are still trustworthy. Aiming at multifactor evolutionary algorithm (MFEA), the most classical multifactor evolutionary algorithm in multitask computation, we theoretically analyze the inherent defects of MFEA in dealing with multitask optimization problems with different subfunction dimensions and propose an improved version of the multifactor evolutionary algorithm, called HD-MFEA. In HD-MFEA, we proposed heterodimensional selection crossover and adaptive elite replacement strategies, enabling HD-MFEA to better carry out gene migration in the heterodimensional multitask environment. At the same time, we propose a benchmark test problem of multitask optimization with different dimensions, and HD-MFEA is superior to MFEA and other improved algorithms in the test problem. Secondly, we extend the application scope of multitask evolutionary computation, and for the first time, the training problem of neural networks with different structures is equivalent to the multitask optimization problem with different dimensions. At the same time, according to the hierarchical characteristics of neural networks, a heterodimensional multifactor neural evolution algorithm HD-MFEA neuro-evolution is proposed to train multiple neural networks simultaneously. Through experiments on chaotic time series data sets, we find that HD-MFEA neuro-evolution algorithm is far superior to other evolutionary algorithms, and its convergence speed and accuracy are better than the gradient algorithm commonly used in neural network training.

A Comprehensive Review of Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems against Single Flood Attacks in SIP-Based Systems

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a recent voice communication technology and due to its variety of calling capabilities, the system is expected to fuel the market value even further in the next five years. However, there are serious concerns since VoIP systems are frequently been attacked. According to recent security alliance reports, malicious activities have increased largely during the current pandemic against VoIP and other vulnerable networks. This hence implies that existing models are not sufficiently reliable since most of them do not have a hundred percent detection rate. In this paper, a review of our most recent Intrusion Detection & Prevention Systems (IDPS) developed is proposed together with a comparative analysis. The final work consisted of ten models which addressed flood intentional attacks to mitigate VoIP attacks. The methodological approaches of the studies included the quantitative and scientific paradigms, for which several instruments (comparative analysis and experiments) were used. Six prevention models were developed using three sorting methods combined with either a modified galloping algorithm or an extended quadratic algorithm. The seventh IDPS was designed by improving an existing genetic algorithm (e-GAP) and the eighth model is a novel deep learning method known as the Closest Adjacent Neighbour (CAN). Finally, for a better comparative analysis of AI-based algorithms, a Deep Analysis of the Intruder Tracing (DAIT) model using a bottom-up approach was developed to address the issues of processing time, effectiveness, and efficiency which were challenges when addressing very large datasets of incoming messages. This novel method prevented intruders to access a system without authorization and avoided any anomaly filtering at the firewall with a minimum processing time. Results revealed that the DAIT and the e-GAP models are very efficient and gave better results when benchmarking with models. These two models obtained an F-score of 98.83%, a detection rate of 100%, a false rate of 0%, an accuracy of 98.7%, and finally a processing time per message of 0.092 ms and 0.094 ms respectively. When comparing with previous models in the literature from which it is specified that detection rates obtained are 95.5% and falsepositive alarm of around 1.8%, except for one recent machine learning-based model having a detection rate of 100% and a processing time of 0.53 ms, the DAIT and the e-GAP models give better results.

Understanding the usability issues in contact management of illiterate and semi-literate users

The effective utilization of a communication channel like calling a person involves two steps. The first step is storing the contact information of another user, and the second step is finding contact information to initiate a voice or text communication. However, the current smartphone interfaces for contact management are mainly textual; which leaves many emergent users at a severe disadvantage in using this most basic functionality to the fullest. Previous studies indicated that less-educated users adopt various coping strategies to store and identify contacts. However, all of these studies investigated the contact management issues of these users from a qualitative angle. Although qualitative or subjective investigations are very useful, they generally need to be augmented by a quantitative investigation for a comprehensive problem understanding. This work presents an exploratory study to identify the usability issues and coping strategies in contact management by emergent users; by using a mixture of qualitative and quantitative approaches. We identified coping strategies of the Pakistani population and the effectiveness of these strategies through a semi-structured qualitative study of 15 participants and a usability study of 9 participants, respectively. We then obtained logged data of 30 emergent and 30 traditional users, including contact-books and dual-channel (call and text messages) logs to infer a more detailed understanding; and to analyse the differences in the composition of contact-books of both user groups. The analysis of the log data confirmed problems that affect the emergent users’ communication behaviour due to the various difficulties they face in storing and searching contacts. Our findings revealed serious usability issues in current communication interfaces over smartphones. The emergent users were found to have smaller contact-books and preferred voice communication due to reading/writing difficulties. They also reported taking help from others for contact saving and text reading. The alternative contact management strategies adopted by our participants include: memorizing whole number or last few digits to recall important contacts; adding special character sequence with contact numbers for better recall; writing a contact from scratch rather than searching it in the phone-book; voice search; and use of recent call logs to redial a contact. The identified coping strategies of emergent users could aid the developers and designers to come up with solutions according to emergent users’ mental models and needs.

High Pass Filter Application to Reduce Voice Communication Delays on IP Phones

VoIP technology is equipped with several functions, namely, the signalling function, meaning the VoIP is in charge of receiving the network from the caller, after which the conversation delivered. This technology is capable to pass voice traffic in the form of packets over an IP network. Packets of sound undergo a long process or delay to get to the destination it can damage the voice’s quality being heard. It happened because there is continuous delay in the communication between IP phone set on VoIP technology that causes echo in the receiver’s voice. Echo can occur during communication with IP phone set with average delay capacity above 5ms. The delay on the delivery and reception as in the results of communication between telephones can be adjusted for sound frequency of 300 Hz to 1000 Hz as a cut off by adding High Pass Filter (HPF) application. HPF filter application is able to stabilize the amplitude of about -21 dBm from the set of transmission test on the receiver when there is weakening at low frequencies, but when the frequency is raised to 1500-2250 Hz the amplitude strengthens to -12,2 dBm or increases the value of about 8.8 dB. Meanwhile, for the lower frequency such as 300 – 950 Hz, the filter would not pass it since the frequency is designed to be cut-off at 1000 Hz. The value of delay is narrower to 0.08ms by HPF application at the frequency of sound upper limit received by any 1000-3400 Hz telephone set. Keywords: VoIP technology, echo cancelling, HPF filter, delay, voice quality

Psychosocial Adjustments after Advanced Laryngeal Cancer Treatment – A Systematic Review

Psychosocial adjustments are alterations needed by a person after a life-altering event. The present review explored the psychosocial adjustments after advanced laryngeal cancer treatment. Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed and Scopus were searched. Two hundred and three hits, after the three-stage screening, 13 articles were included. Mixed methods appraisal tool was used to perform the quality appraisal. The findings from 1109 laryngeal cancer survivors and 154 spouses of total laryngectomy patients helped to identify the barriers and coping mechanism toward psychosocial adjustments. The barriers included reactions of spouse or family members, effect of voice, communication and speech intelligibility and work and family relationships. The coping was enhanced with a better awareness, motivation and support system. These findings would help in improving the training programs and enhance the pre- and post-treatment counselling based on the priorities and demands of the patient.