Effect of glucose, sucrose and fructose on plasma glucose and insulin responses in normal humans: comparison with white bread

OBJECTIVE: The independent role of glucose and insulin in ghrelin regulation is still controversial; this is also because in healthy subjects it is difficult to isolate the increase of glucose from that of insulin. The aim of this study was to discriminate the effect of glucose increase alone and early insulin response on plasma ghrelin, comparing ghrelin variation after i.v. glucose between healthy subjects and type 2 diabetic (T2DM) subjects, in whom the early insulin response to i.v. glucose is abolished. METHODS: Plasma glucose, insulin and ghrelin levels were measured 0, 3, 5, 10, 30, 45 and 60 min after a 5 g glucose i.v. bolus in seven healthy control subjects and eight T2DM subjects. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in body mass index, basal insulin and basal ghrelin between T2DM and healthy subjects. Basal glucose levels were higher in T2DM subjects than in controls. After i.v. glucose administration, plasma glucose increased significantly in both groups and the glucose peak was higher in T2DM subjects than in controls (9.67+/-1.25 (s.d.) vs 6.88+/-1.00 mmol/l, P<0.01). Insulin increased rapidly in controls, while in T2DM subjects, plasma insulin did not rise in the first 10 min. After the glucose bolus, plasma ghrelin showed a significant reduction both in controls and in T2DM subjects after 5 min. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that a low-dose i.v. glucose bolus reduces ghrelin both in controls and in T2DM subjects and therefore that early insulin response does not affect plasma ghrelin.

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The Effect of Oral Alanine on Blood Glucose and Glucagon in the Human Newborn Infant

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.56.1.78 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 78-81

Author(s):

R. H. Fiser ◽

P. R. Williams ◽

D. A. Fisher ◽

P. V. DeLameter ◽

M. A. Sperling ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Newborn Infant ◽

Plasma Glucose ◽

Cell Secretion ◽

Term Infants ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Human Newborn ◽

Glucagon And Insulin ◽

Insulin Responses

Plasma, glucose, glucagon, and insulin responses to oral feedings of l-alanine were assessed in 44 healthy term infants during the first three days of life. Alanine administration produced significant increases in glucagon and glucose concentrations on day 1, but not on days 2 and 3. These increases occurred within 30 minutes (mean and SEM for glucagon, 127 ± 7 to 219 ± 16 pg/ml, P < 0.001; glucose, 45 ± 3 to 60 ± 7 mg/100 ml, P < 0.01) and persisted at the P < 0.05 level at four hours. Responsiveness to alanine seemed to be related to the baseline blood glucose levels since constant infusions of glucose inhibited the response. These results indicate that the pancreatic islet alpha cell secretion mechanism(s) is functioning in the newborn.

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Effects of Parboiling and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Rice on the Glycemic and Insulinemic Indices in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects

Ibrahim Medical College Journal ◽

10.3329/imcj.v2i1.2925 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 12-16

Author(s):

Shahana Parvin ◽

Qamrul Hasan ◽

Knud Erik Bach Knudsen ◽

Liaquat Ali

Keyword(s):

Amylose Content ◽

Chemical Characteristics ◽

White Bread ◽

Gelatinization Temperature ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Parboiled Rice ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Insulin Responses ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

Background and Purposes: To observe the influence of parboiling, amylose content and gelatinization temperature of rice on plasma glucose and insulin responses in type 2 diabetic subjects because diabetic subjects are especially prescribed usage of starchy foods with low glycemic responses. Methods: Seventeen type 2 diabetic subjects ingested five test meals of 50g available carbohydrate as white bread, cooked rice with high (29%) and low amylose content (13%), undergoing different processing and gelatinization temperatures. The diets were taken in a random order after a 10h overnight fast with approximately 7 days interval as wash out period. Results: The glycemic index (GI) of all rice varieties were lower than that of white bread (p<0.001). Furthermore, GI of parboiled rice with a high amylose content was lower than that of parboiled low amylose rice (50±7 vs 71±5, p <0.01). No differences were observed between parboiled rice with high and low gelatinization temperature (50±7 vs 47± 4), nor between non-parboiled and parboiled rice (52±7 vs 50±7). Insulin responses to the five test foods did not differ significantly in the study subjects. Conclusions: In type 2 diabetic subjects the investigated rices were all low glycemic as compared to white bread, independent of parboiling and physico-chemical characteristics. The study showed that the amylose content, but not the gelatinization temperature, may be an useful criteria in selection of low GI rices irrespective of parboiling status. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 12-16 Key words: Amylose, blood glucose, insulin, type 2 diabetes, parboiled rice. doi: 10.3329/imcj.v2i1.2925

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Plasma glucose and insulin responses in growing rats fed a total parenteral nutrition diet either intravenously or intragastrically

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y84-127 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 62 (7) ◽

pp. 775-780 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Norman S. Track ◽

Ernest Cutz ◽

Barbara H. Witt

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Parenteral Nutrition ◽

Total Parenteral Nutrition ◽

Plasma Glucose ◽

Plasma Insulin ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Group I ◽

Plasma Insulin Levels ◽

Group Ii ◽

Insulin Responses

The effect of administering either intravenously (group I) or intragastrically (group II) a glucose – amino acid total parenteral nutrition diet over a 12-day period upon plasma glucose and insulin responses was examined in adolescent rats. Infusion of the 25% glucose – 12.2% amino acid diet at a rate of 300 kCal∙kg body weight−1∙24 h−1 supported normal weight gain over the 12-day study period in both intravenously (group I) and intragastrically (group II) alimented rats. Mean plasma glucose levels rose dramatically in both groups by the end of day 1; group I had significantly higher mean plasma insulin levels. By day 3, the group I mean plasma glucose value decreased significantly while the group II mean glucose value remained virtually unchanged. Mean plasma insulin values more than doubled in both groups with the group I level still remaining significantly above the group II level. At days 6 and 12, group I mean plasma glucose levels were significantly below group II while both groups had similar plasma insulin levels. Data from this 12-day intravenous–intragastric alimentation study reveals quite different metabolic responses compared with acute (120–180 min) studies of the enteroinsular axis.

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