scholarly journals The pros and cons of lignin valorisation in an integrated biorefinery

RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (48) ◽  
pp. 25310-25318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zea Strassberger ◽  
Stefania Tanase ◽  
Gadi Rothenberg
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Integrated Biorefinery ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Subject

Wood to chemicals is the subject of this short critical review, that outlines the chemical and economic aspects of several short-term and long-term perspectives for the valorisation of lignin to aromatics, polymers and materials.

Wilderness Camping as a Therapy for Emotionally Disturbed Children: A Critical Review

1979 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 628-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Sandra Byers
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Emotionally Disturbed ◽  
Evaluation Research ◽  
Disturbed Child ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Minimal Support ◽  
Therapeutic Program ◽  
Good Setting ◽  
Therapeutic Camping

The wilderness camp has been described as a particularly good setting for treatment of the emotionally disturbed child. This article summarizes the current literature on therapeutic camping, including the nature of existing programs, rationales for the superiority of camping as a therapeutic program, and evaluation of existing programs. The results of program evaluation research reported in the literature provide only minimal support for any particular effectiveness ascribed to therapeutic camping in terms of either short term or long term therapeutic outcome. This is seen to be largely due to inadequate investigation of the process and/or the outcome of therapeutic camping.

Application of Skills to Procrastination (optional)

2017 ◽  
pp. 109-118
Author(s):  
Steven A. Safren ◽  
Susan E. Sprich ◽  
Carol A. Perlman ◽  
Michael W. Otto
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Restructuring ◽  
Case Vignette ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Short Term Effects

This chapter outlines an optional session for clients with ADHD that focuses on procrastination. It describes how the therapist can discuss the attractive aspects of procrastination and how the client can learn to identify the negative consequences of procrastination. An exercise is presented where the client goes over the pros and cons of procrastination using a specific example. The chapter includes a discussion of how previously taught skills of problem-solving, adaptive thinking, and cognitive restructuring can be applied to procrastination. A case vignette illustrates the process of identifying the long-term and short-term effects of procrastination.

scholarly journals Towards a Positive Welfare Protocol for Cattle: A Critical Review of Indicators and Suggestion of How We Might Proceed

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda J. Keeling ◽  
Christoph Winckler ◽  
Sara Hintze ◽  
Björn Forkman
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
Poor Welfare

Current animal welfare protocols focus on demonstrating the absence (or at least low levels) of indicators of poor welfare, potentially creating a mismatch between what is expected by society (an assurance of good animal welfare) and what is actually being delivered (an assurance of the absence of welfare problems). This paper explores how far we have come, and what work still needs to be done, if we are to develop a protocol for use on commercial dairy farms where the aim is to demonstrate the presence of positive welfare. Following conceptual considerations around a perceived “ideal” protocol, we propose that a future protocol should be constructed (i) of animal-based measures, (ii) of indicators of affective state, and (iii) be structured according to indicators of short-term emotion, medium-term moods and long-term cumulative assessment of negative and positive experiences of an animal's life until now (in contrast to the current focus on indicators that represent different domains/criteria of welfare). These three conditions imposed the overall structure within which we selected our indicators. The paper includes a critical review of the literature on potential indicators of positive affective states in cattle. Based on evidence about the validity and reliability of the different indicators, we select ear position, play, allogrooming, brush use and QBA as candidate indicators that we suggest could form a prototype positive welfare protocol. We emphasise that this prototype protocol has not been tested in practice and so it is perhaps not the protocol itself that is the main outcome of this paper, but the process of trying to develop it. In a final section of this paper, we reflect on some of the lessons learnt from this exercise and speculate on future perspectives. For example, while we consider we have moved towards a prototype positive welfare protocol for short-term affective states, future research energy should be directed towards valid indicators for the medium and long-term.

Persistent, “Mysterious” Seismoacoustic Signals Reported in Oklahoma State during 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D. Carmichael ◽  
Andrew D. Thiel ◽  
Phillip S. Blom ◽  
Jacob I. Walter ◽  
Fransiska K. Dannemann Dugick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Media Coverage ◽  
Seismic Network ◽  
Acoustic Energy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Noise Abatement ◽  
National Media ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Seismic Networks ◽  
Dynamic Formation

ABSTRACT We report on the source of seismoacoustic pulses that were observed across the state of Oklahoma (OK) during summer of 2019, and the subject of national media coverage and speculation. Seismic network data collected across four U.S. states and interviews with witnesses to the pulse’s effect on residential structures demonstrate that they were triggered by routine ammunition disposal operations conducted by McAlester Army Ammunition Plant (McAAP). During these operations, conventional explosives destroy obsolete munitions stored in pits through a controlled sequence of electronically timed shots that occur over tens of minutes. Despite noise-abatement efforts that reduce coupling of acoustic energy with air, some lower frequency, subaudible (infrasonic) sound radiates from these shots as discrete pulses. We use nine months of blast log documents, seismic network records, analyst picks, and physical modeling to demonstrate that seismic stations as far as 640 km from McAAP sample these pulses, which record seasonal patterns in stratospheric and tropospheric winds, as well as the dynamic formation of waveguides and shadow zones. Digital short-term average to long-term average detectors that we augment with dynamic thresholds and time-binning operations identify these pulses with a fair probability, when compared with visual observations. Our analyses thereby provide estimates of observation rates for both partial and full sequences of these pulses, as well as single shots. We suggest that disposal operations can exploit existing, composite seismic networks to predict where residents are likely to witness blasting. Crucially, our data also show that dense seismic networks can record multiscale atmospheric processes in the absence of infrasound arrays.

The measurement of cognitive structures: a constructivist approach

1999 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Oerter
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Cognitive Structures ◽  
Constructivist Approach ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Constructivist Perspective ◽  
The Subject

This article considers the investigation of cognitive structures in a constructivist perspective, using the example of the measurement of the concept of human nature (Menschenbild). It is argued that the instruments used (adulthood interview and dilemma stories) elicit the subject's short-term (actual) and long-term (available declarative knowledge) constructive activity. However, the investigation includes at the same time the pre- and post-constructive activity of the researcher and interviewer, who introduce their own knowledge, opinions and theoretical concepts. The results presented are: general levels of the concept of human nature, some specific structures produced by the subjects, content analytical categories, patterns, and figures of reasoning. The outcome of the investigation is interpreted as a co-construction of both the subject and the researcher (interviewer/rater), indicating shared cultural knowledge that is brought via the research process to a more explicit and clear structure.

scholarly journals Editorial: A British Philosophical Association?

Philosophy ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-482
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
Short Term ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
Umbrella Organization ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Hearts And Minds

There are, it seems, 30 or more philosophical societies in Britain. Some, such as the Aristotelian Society or the Mind Association, are mostly for professional philosophers, but of all stripes. Others, such as the Royal Institute of Philosophy, are for anyone interested in philosophy, whether professional or, in the best sense, amateur—that is, not paid for their philosophy. Then there are those smaller, but by no means unworthy bodies, which cater for interest in some special branch of philosophy, such as phenomenology or philosophy of religion or of science. There are societies for European philosophy, for the history of philosophy, for applied philosophy, for women in philosophy, and for much else besides.If not exactly chaos, it all testifies to a real and possibly fruitful diversity in the British philosophical world. But in the last year or so, leading figures in many of the societies have been meeting to discuss forming an umbrella organization to encompass the whole lot. Whether this umbrella is to provide shelter for philosophers from squalls raining down on us from above, or whether it is for some other purpose, is not entirely clear.That there are squalls, at least for those teaching the subject in universities and elsewhere is clear. Teachers everywhere, from universities to primary schools, suffer from a deluge of managerial irrelevance, much of it apparently predicated on the latest managerial nostrum. According to the Government's own guru of ‘delivery’, managers no longer need to ‘win hearts and minds’, but should rather push through short term measures for long term gains, come what may. We have little idea what this means, but it sounds unpleasant. There may well be a case for an Association to speak with one voice on behalf of a profession which needs a degree of freedom from management in which to teach and to think, and which is increasingly called on to respond as a profession to managerial initiatives.But not, we would hope, to speak with one voice on anything else. A one voice philosophy is a contradiction in terms, even were there only one philosopher. Nor does philosophy need a slate of people to speak to the media and the general public. It would be too much like a list of officially licensed authorities where there should be no authority. And it will not work anyway. Good producers and editors will continue to consult the philosophers they know and like, just as they always have.

To Be or Not to Be — Reflection on the Full Coverage of the Regulatory Detailed Planning

2011 ◽  
Vol 368-373 ◽  
pp. 1710-1713
Author(s):  
Xiao Wei Zheng ◽  
Ming Hua Huang ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Hui Quan Cao
Keyword(s):  
Current Practice ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Intensity Index ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Regulatory Detailed Planning ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Block Area ◽  
Specific Project

On the basis of analyzing the pros and cons of the current practice of full coverage of regulatory detailed planning, the paper aims to establish a dynamic regulatory detailed planning featuring a comprehensive regulation both macroscopically and microscopically. The paper holds the belief that the coverage scope of the regulatory detailed planning should be the short-term construction area; in case that the practice of “Full Coverage” needs to be conducted, it shall be compiled on the basis of time sequence by separating the short-term and long-term project. The compilation for short-term project should start from the region and go deeper into the block and land parcel, and the development intensity index should be worked out according to the stage of land leasing in specific project; the compilation for long-term project should focus on the region and block area, and the development intensity index should be formulated in line with the city’s specific development stage and then make adjustment accordingly.

scholarly journals A Guiding Framework for Levels of Sustainability in Marketing

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1644
Author(s):  
Alpaslan Kelleci ◽  
Oğuz Yıldız
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Sustainable Consumption ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Business Enterprises

Up to now, far more attention has been paid to assessing the environmental, social, and economic aspects of sustainability. However, what makes this paper distinct is that it proposes a guiding framework that can be employed as a useful tool for business enterprises and other related stakeholders in transforming the potential of marketing disciplines towards upper levels of marketing orientations and sustainable consumption patterns. This present paper follows a typological model that classifies the conceptual approximations that are relatively dispersed in the literature. In doing so, the authors trace back to Kotler’s distinction of positive and normative scopes of marketing, then based on this dichotomy, they propose five different sustainability marketing levels and tag them. This paper aims to provide a convenient roadmap for traditional growth-oriented and transitionary firms who are stuck in short-term positive marketing level and thus need to include sustainability and sufficiency as the most prospective options for long term competitive advantage.

scholarly journals Kontrowersje wokół długoterminowych badań Gillesa-Erica Séraliniego nad bezpieczeństwem zdrowotnym kukurydzy GMO

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Lisowska ◽  
Alexander Cortez
Keyword(s):  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Chemical Toxicology ◽  
The Subject ◽  
One Year

At the end of the year 2012, Food and Chemical Toxicology published a long-term study by Seralini et al., describing the safety evaluation of genetically modified NK603 maize and Roundup herbicide. Contrary to previous, short-term studies, this experiment revealed some negative effects of these substances on the health of experimental animals. GM feeds and Roundup generate revenue worth millions of dollars. This may be the reason why Seralini’s paper has became the subject of much heated criticism, mainly from parties linked to business and agro-biotechnology. After one year of debate, the editors of Food Chem Toxicol. decided to retract the paper, an unprecedented event given that the published article was peer-reviewed and there was no evidence of plagiarism or fraud. Here, we stress the results of Seralini’s study, discuss the methodological hints of that work and cite the commentaries on the whole situation.

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