Reinforcing efficiency and compatibilizing effect of sol–gel derived in situ silica for natural rubber/chloroprene rubber blends

RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (102) ◽  
pp. 58816-58825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharat P. Kapgate ◽  
Chayan Das
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
In Situ Silica ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber ◽  
Compatibilizing Effect

The strong CR/in situ silica interaction causes filler accumulation at the interphase and enhances the compatibility and reinforcement in the NR/CR blend.

Effect of sol–gel derived in situ silica on the morphology and mechanical behavior of natural rubber and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber blends

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharat P. Kapgate ◽  
Chayan Das ◽  
Amit Das ◽  
Debdipta Basu ◽  
Uta Reuter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber ◽  
In Situ Silica

In situ silica reinforcement of natural rubber by sol–gel process via rubber solution

2009 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjawan Chaichua ◽  
Pattarapan Prasassarakich ◽  
Sirilux Poompradub
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
In Situ Silica ◽  
Sol Gel Process

In situ silica reinforcement of methyl methacrylate grafted natural rubber by sol–gel process

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natchamon Watcharakul ◽  
Sirilux Poompradub ◽  
Pattarapan Prasassarakich
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
In Situ Silica ◽  
Sol Gel Process

Compatibilization of natural rubber/nitrile rubber blends by sol–gel nano-silica generated by in situ method

2016 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 548-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naresh D. Bansod ◽  
Bharat P. Kapgate ◽  
Chayan Das ◽  
Amit Das ◽  
Debdipta Basu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Nitrile Rubber ◽  
Nano Silica ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
In Situ Method

In Situ Filling of Silica onto “Green” Natural Rubber by the Sol—Gel Process

2001 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kohjiya ◽  
K. Murakami ◽  
S. Iio ◽  
T. Tanahashi ◽  
Y. Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Silica Surface ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Crosslinking Density ◽  
Silica Particles ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
In Situ Silica ◽  
Silica Composite

Abstract The sol—gel reaction of tetraethoxysilane produced the fine and well-dispersed in situ silica particles in the “green” natural rubber (NR) matrix before curing. This new method was developed for a NR/silica composite material, and a good reinforcement effect of in situ silica was observed on the NR vulcanizate. The method is expected to be an industrially practical technique. The in situ silica did not much inhibit the accelerated sulfur curing. Thus, it is estimated that the concentration of silanol groups on the in situ silica surface was smaller than those on the conventional silica surface. The silica—silica interaction of in situ silica seems to be weaker to result in better dispersion in the rubber matrix compared with the conventional silica. Atomic force microscopy suggested that the wettability of NR onto in situ silica was higher than that onto conventional silica. The hardness, modulus at 50% elongation and the storage modulus at room temperature of in situ silica-filled NR vulcanizate were smaller than those of conventional silica-filled NR vulcanizate, although the crosslinking density of the former was larger than that of the latter and their silica contents were comparable. These unique characteristics of in situ silica-filled vulcanizate seem to be ascribed to the fine and well-dispersed in situ silica particles in the NR matrix. These observations suggest that NR (a renewable resource)/in situ silica composite has much potential as an ecologically “green” material in the rubber industry.

In Situ Silica Filled Styrene Grafted Natural Rubber by the Sol-Gel Process

2010 ◽  
Vol 93-94 ◽  
pp. 525-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torpong Sittiphan ◽  
Pattarapan Prasassarakich ◽  
Sirilux Poompradub
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Cumene Hydroperoxide ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
In Situ Silica ◽  
Tetraethylene Pentamine

In situ silica filling of styrene grafted natural rubber (ST-g-NR) was carried out by using sol-gel reaction of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The effects of concentration of catalyst and reaction temperature on the in situ silica content were investigated. ST-g-NR was synthesized via an emulsion polymerization using cumene hydroperoxide (CHPO) and tetraethylene pentamine (TEPA) as initiators. The synthesized ST-g-NR was characterized by a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H NMR). The content of in situ silica generated in ST-g-NR matrix was determined by Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA). In situ silica up to 50 parts per hundred rubbers by weight (phr) was successfully filled in the ST-g-NR matrix. The silica content increased with the increase of n-hexylamine concentration. However, the effect of reaction temperature was insignificant to silica content.

Styrene grafted natural rubber reinforced by in situ silica generated via sol–gel technique

2014 ◽  
Vol 181 ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torpong Sittiphan ◽  
Pattarapan Prasassarakich ◽  
Sirilux Poompradub
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
In Situ Silica ◽  
Gel Technique

scholarly journals Rheometer Evidences for the Co-Curing Effect of a Bismaleimide in Conjunction with the Accelerated Sulfur on Natural Rubber/Chloroprene Rubber Blends

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1510
Author(s):  
Marek Pöschl ◽  
Shibulal Gopi Sathi ◽  
Radek Stoček ◽  
Ondřej Kratina
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Alder Reaction ◽  
Diels Alder ◽  
Ene Reactions ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
Diels Alder Reaction ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber

The rheometer curing curves of neat natural rubber (NR) and neat chloroprene rubber (CR) with maleide F (MF) exhibit considerable crosslinking torque at 180 °C. This indicates that MF can crosslink both these rubbers via Alder-ene reactions. Based on this knowledge, MF has been introduced as a co-crosslinking agent for a 50/50 blend of NR and CR in conjunction with accelerated sulfur. The delta (Δ) torque obtained from the curing curves of a blend with the addition of 1 phr MF was around 62% higher than those without MF. As the content of MF increased to 3 phr, the Δ torque was further raised to 236%. Moreover, the mechanical properties, particularly the tensile strength of the blend with the addition of 1 phr MF in conjunction with the accelerated sulfur, was around 201% higher than the blend without MF. The overall tensile properties of the blends cured with MF were almost retained even after ageing the samples at 70 °C for 72 h. This significant improvement in the curing torque and the tensile properties of the blends indicates that MF can co-crosslink between NR and CR via the Diels–Alder reaction.

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