Advancements in quantum cascade laser-based infrared microscopy of aqueous media

2016 ◽  
Vol 187 ◽  
pp. 119-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Haase ◽  
N. Kröger-Lui ◽  
A. Pucci ◽  
A. Schönhals ◽  
W. Petrich
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Cascade Laser ◽  
Quantum Cascade Lasers ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Infrared Microscopy ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Quantum Cascade

The large mid-infrared absorption coefficient of water frequently hampers the rapid, label-free infrared microscopy of biological objects in their natural aqueous environment. However, the high spectral power density of quantum cascade lasers is shifting this limitation such that mid-infrared absorbance images can be acquired in situ within signal-to-noise ratios of up to 100. Even at sample thicknesses well above 50 μm, signal-to-noise ratios above 10 are readily achieved. The quantum cascade laser-based microspectroscopy of aqueous media is exemplified by imaging an aqueous yeast solution and quantifying glucose consumption, ethanol generation as well as the production of carbon dioxide gas during fermentation.

scholarly journals Infrared Spectroscopy with a Fiber-Coupled Quantum Cascade Laser for Attenuated Total Reflection Measurements Towards Biomedical Applications

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (23) ◽  
pp. 5130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ine L. Jernelv ◽  
Karina Strøm ◽  
Dag Roar Hjelme ◽  
Astrid Aksnes
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Quantum Cascade Lasers ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Quantum Cascade ◽  
In Vitro Investigation

The development of rapid and accurate biomedical laser spectroscopy systems in the mid-infrared has been enabled by the commercial availability of external-cavity quantum cascade lasers (EC-QCLs). EC-QCLs are a preferable alternative to benchtop instruments such as Fourier transform infrared spectrometers for sensor development as they are small and have high spectral power density. They also allow for the investigation of multiple analytes due to their broad tuneability and through the use of multivariate analysis. This article presents an in vitro investigation with two fiber-coupled measurement setups based on attenuated total reflection spectroscopy and direct transmission spectroscopy for sensing. A pulsed EC-QCL (1200–900 cm − 1 ) was used for measurements of glucose and albumin in aqueous solutions, with lactate and urea as interferents. This analyte composition was chosen as an example of a complex aqueous solution with relevance for biomedical sensors. Glucose concentrations were determined in both setup types with root-mean-square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) of less than 20 mg/dL using partial least-squares (PLS) regression. These results demonstrate accurate analyte measurements, and are promising for further development of fiber-coupled, miniaturised in vivo sensors based on mid-infrared spectroscopy.

scholarly journals Tuning properties of mid-infrared Fabry-Pérot quantum cascade lasers for multiheterodyne spectroscopy

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukasz Antoni Sterczewski ◽  
Jonas Westberg ◽  
Gerard Wysocki
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Quantum Cascade Laser ◽  
Quantum Cascade Lasers ◽  
Laser Frequency ◽  
Hole Burning ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Frequency Combs ◽  
Quantum Cascade ◽  
Fabry Perot ◽  
Cascade Lasers

Injection current tuning properties of an 8.5 um Fabry-Pérot mid-infrared quantum cascade laser are evaluated by analyzing the mode-by-mode frequency tuning behavior with an identification of high-noise regimes in a delayed self-heterodyne experiment. We find that modes on the edges of the spectral envelope exhibit anomalous tuning coefficients compared to those in the center. Furthermore, the frequencies of individual modes are susceptible to parasitic etalons, likely causing laser frequency pulling. Despite the complicated tuning behavior, low phase-noise operating regimes exist, and are compatible with high resolution multiheterodyne spectroscopy of gases. Full Text: PDF ReferencesJ. Faist, F. Capasso, D.L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A.L. Hutchinson, A.Y. Cho, "Quantum Cascade Laser", Science 264 (1994) 553?556. CrossRef A. Hugi, G. Villares, S. Blaser, H.C. Liu, J. Faist, "Mid-infrared frequency comb based on a quantum cascade laser", Nature 492 (2012) 229?233. CrossRef G. Villares, A. Hugi, S. Blaser, J. Faist,"Dual-comb spectroscopy based on quantum-cascade-laser frequency combs", Nat. Commun. 5 (2014) 5192. CrossRef G. Villares, S. Riedi, J. Wolf, D. Kazakov, M.J. Süess, P. Jouy, M. Beck, J. Faist, "Dispersion engineering of quantum cascade laser frequency combs", Optica 3 (2016) 252. CrossRef Y. Wang, M.G. Soskind, W. Wang, G. Wysocki, "High-resolution multi-heterodyne spectroscopy based on Fabry-Perot quantum cascade lasers", Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 (2014) 31114. CrossRef A. Hangauer, J. Westberg, E. Zhang, G. Wysocki, "Wavelength modulated multiheterodyne spectroscopy using Fabry-Pérot quantum cascade lasers", Opt. Express 24 (2016) 25298. CrossRef D. Burghoff, Y. Yang, D.J. Hayton, J.-R. Gao, J.L. Reno, Q. Hu, "Evaluating the coherence and time-domain profile of quantum cascade laser frequency combs", Opt. Express 23 (2015) 1190?1202. CrossRef A. Gordon, C.Y. Wang, L. Diehl, F.X. Kärtner, A. Belyanin, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Höfler, H.C. Liu, H. Schneider, T. Maier, M. Troccoli, J. Faist, F. Capasso, "Multimode regimes in quantum cascade lasers: From coherent instabilities to spatial hole burning", Phys. Rev. A 77 (2008). CrossRef S. Blaser, D.A. Yarekha, L. Hvozdara, Y. Bonetti, A. Muller, M. Giovannini, J. Faist, "Room-temperature, continuous-wave, single-mode quantum-cascade lasers at ?=5.4?m", Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005) 41109. CrossRef S. Schiller, "Spectrometry with frequency combs", Opt. Lett. 27 (2002) 766?768. CrossRef T. Tsai, G. Wysocki, "Active wavelength control of an external cavity quantum cascade laser", Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt. 109 (2012) 415?421. CrossRef

scholarly journals Optical external efficiency of terahertz quantum cascade laser based on Čerenkov difference frequency generation

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (04) ◽  
pp. 1950036
Author(s):  
A. Hamadou ◽  
J.-L. Thobel ◽  
S. Lamari
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Cascade Laser ◽  
Quantum Cascade Lasers ◽  
Difference Frequency Generation ◽  
Terahertz Wave ◽  
Difference Frequency ◽  
Infrared Transmission ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Quantum Cascade ◽  
Frequency Generation ◽  
External Efficiency

In this paper, we consider terahertz sources based on Čerenkov difference frequency generation in a dual-wavelength mid-infrared quantum cascade laser and calculate analytically the optical external efficiency of the out-going terahertz wave. The mid-infrared pumps operate simultaneously and have a common upper level. For short cavity lengths and low terahertz losses in the substrate, we find that implementation of the Čerenkov emission scheme in terahertz difference frequency generation quantum cascade lasers improves the optical external efficiency dramatically. The maximum value of the latter is close to 19%, but is only attainable if the laser exhibits negligible mid-infrared transmission losses.

scholarly journals Quantum Cascade Laser-Based Infrared Microscopy for Label-Free and Automated Cancer Classification in Tissue Sections

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Kuepper ◽  
Angela Kallenbach-Thieltges ◽  
Hendrik Juette ◽  
Andrea Tannapfel ◽  
Frederik Großerueschkamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Cascade Laser ◽  
Cancer Classification ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Infrared Microscopy ◽  
Quantum Cascade ◽  
Tissue Sections

Biomedical applications of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers – a review

The Analyst ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 143 (24) ◽  
pp. 5888-5911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Isensee ◽  
Niels Kröger-Lui ◽  
Wolfgang Petrich
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Quantum Cascade Lasers ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Spectral Power Density ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Quantum Cascade ◽  
Band Emission ◽  
Cascade Lasers

Quantum cascade lasers with high spectral power density and narrow band emission profiles provide novel access to biomedical applications.

scholarly journals Quantum Cascade Lasers: Tunability of the Free‐Spectral Range by Microwave Injection into a Mid‐Infrared Quantum Cascade Laser (Laser Photonics Rev. 14(5)/2020)

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 2070030
Author(s):  
Etienne Rodriguez ◽  
Alireza Mottaghizadeh ◽  
Djamal Gacemi ◽  
Mathieu Jeannin ◽  
Zahra Asghari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Range ◽  
Quantum Cascade Laser ◽  
Quantum Cascade Lasers ◽  
Free Spectral Range ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Quantum Cascade ◽  
Cascade Lasers

scholarly journals Mid-infrared quantum cascade laser frequency combs with a microstrip-like line waveguide geometry

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (7) ◽  
pp. 071101
Author(s):  
Filippos Kapsalidis ◽  
Barbara Schneider ◽  
Matthew Singleton ◽  
Mathieu Bertrand ◽  
Emilio Gini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Cascade Laser ◽  
Laser Frequency ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Frequency Combs ◽  
Quantum Cascade ◽  
Waveguide Geometry
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