Aerobic oxidation of 1,6-hexanediol to adipic acid over Au-based catalysts: the role of basic supports

The Merovingians inherited an urban network from the Roman Empire that remained substantially intact. Although Gallic cities had long been declining in extent and sophistication, during late antiquity their landscapes were adapted to contemporary priorities through the provision of walls and churches, and their politics was transformed by the emergence of bishops as leaders of urban communities. When the upper tiers of imperial administration disappeared, this equipped the vast majority of cities to survive as the basic building blocks of Merovingian kingdoms that were initially conceived as aggregations of city–territories. In ruling through their cities, the Merovingians expanded upon existing mechanisms for the extraction of taxes and services, while relying on centrally appointed bishops and counts rather than city councils for the projection of their authority. This generated fierce competition between kings for control of cities and among local elites for positions of power within them. In the later Merovingian period, however, the significance of cities diminished as stable territorial kingdoms emerged, political practice was centralized around the royal courts, and the Roman administrative legacy finally disintegrated. But the cities remained preeminent religious centers, and, with the beginnings of economic revival, continued to perform a range of functions unmatched by other categories of settlement.

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Characterizing the building blocks of Problematic Use of the Internet (PUI): The role of obsessional impulses and impulsivity traits among Italian young adults

Comprehensive Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152225 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 106 ◽

pp. 152225

Author(s):

Francesco Di Carlo ◽

Mauro Pettorruso ◽

Maria Chiara Alessi ◽

Elena Picutti ◽

Rebecca Collevecchio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Building Blocks ◽

The Internet ◽

Problematic Use ◽

Use Of The Internet

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Synthesis and Self-assembly of Amphiphilic Precision Glycomacromolecules

Polymer Chemistry ◽

10.1039/d1py00422k ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alexander Banger ◽

Julian Sindram ◽

Marius Otten ◽

Jessica Kania ◽

Alexander Strzelczyk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Self Assembly ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Polymer Synthesis

We present the synthesis of so called amphiphilic glycomacromolecules (APGs) by using solid-phase polymer synthesis. Based on tailor made building blocks, monosdisperse APGs with varying compositions are synthesized, introducing carbohydrate...

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Designing of an Adipic acid bridged Zn(II) Coordination Polymer: Synthesis and Biological Study

Journal of Molecular Structure ◽

10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130923 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 130923

Author(s):

Angeera Chandra ◽

Basudeb Dutta ◽

Kunal Pal ◽

Kuladip Jana ◽

Chittranjan Sinha

Keyword(s):

Coordination Polymer ◽

Adipic Acid ◽

Polymer Synthesis ◽

Biological Study

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Resonance in Optimal Perturbation Evolution. Part II: Effects of a Nonzero Mean PV Gradient

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences ◽

10.1175/jas3868.1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 695-710 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

H. de Vries ◽

J. D. Opsteegh

Keyword(s):

Potential Vorticity ◽

Propagation Speed ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Joint Effect ◽

Optimal Perturbation ◽

Orr Mechanism ◽

Nonzero Mean ◽

Low Levels ◽

Pv Gradient

Abstract Optimal perturbations are constructed for a two-layer β-plane extension of the Eady model. The surface and interior dynamics is interpreted using the concept of potential vorticity building blocks (PVBs), which are zonally wavelike, vertically confined sheets of quasigeostrophic potential vorticity. The results are compared with the Charney model and with the two-layer Eady model without β. The authors focus particularly on the role of the different growth mechanisms in the optimal perturbation evolution. The optimal perturbations are constructed allowing only one PVB, three PVBs, and finally a discrete equivalent of a continuum of PVBs to be present initially. On the f plane only the PVB at the surface and at the tropopause can be amplified. In the presence of β, however, PVBs influence each other’s growth and propagation at all levels. Compared to the two-layer f-plane model, the inclusion of β slightly reduces the surface growth and propagation speed of all optimal perturbations. Responsible for the reduction are the interior PVBs, which are excited by the initial PVB after initialization. Their joint effect is almost as strong as the effect from the excited tropopause PVB, which is also negative at the surface. If the optimal perturbation is composed of more than one PVB, the Orr mechanism dominates the initial amplification in the entire troposphere. At low levels, the interaction between the surface PVB and the interior tropospheric PVBs (in particular those near the critical level) takes over after about half a day, whereas the interaction between the tropopause PVB and the interior PVBs is responsible for the main amplification in the upper troposphere. In all cases in which more than one PVB is used, the growing normal mode configuration is not reached at optimization time.

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Selective aerobic oxidation of para-xylene in sub- and supercritical water. Part 1. Comparison with ortho-xylene and the role of the catalyst

Green Chemistry ◽

10.1039/c1gc15137a ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 2389 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Eduardo Pérez ◽

Joan Fraga-Dubreuil ◽

Eduardo García-Verdugo ◽

Paul A. Hamley ◽

W. Barry Thomas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Supercritical Water ◽

Aerobic Oxidation ◽

Para Xylene ◽

Selective Aerobic Oxidation

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Role of the Global Fund in national HIV/AIDS response in Myanmar: a qualitative study

Global Health Research and Policy ◽

10.1186/s41256-021-00212-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zarni Htun ◽

Yingxi Zhao ◽

Hannah Gilbert ◽

Chunling Lu

Keyword(s):

Civil Society ◽

Qualitative Study ◽

Health System ◽

Global Fund ◽

Scale Up ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Key Informants ◽

The Impact ◽

Hiv Aids

Abstract Background The Global Fund has been a major funding source for HIV/AIDS programs in Myanmar. In this qualitative study, we aim to understand the impact of Global Fund on national HIV/AIDS response in Myanmar during the era of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Methods We conducted individual in-depth interviews by recruiting key informants through purposive snowball sampling. The respondents were engaged in the national/subnational response to HIV/AIDS in Myanmar and worked for the United Nations agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and civil society. Interview questions were organized around the role of Global Fund in strengthening national response to HIV/AIDS in the six building blocks of the Myanmar’s health system. Transcripts from the key informants were synthesized into specific themes through a deductive approach. Results We found that the Global Fund has provided substantial support to (1) finance the national HIV/AIDS response in Myanmar, and (2) strengthen leadership and governance at the central level through improving coordination and collaboration, including more stakeholders (e.g. civil society, NGOs) in decision making process, and catalyzing policy changes on scaling-up key interventions. Yet, its role remains limited in addressing new demands at the township level in terms of capacity building, staffing, and medical supply resulting from rapid scale-up of HIV interventions and decentralization of service delivery in the public sector. Conclusion There was a missed opportunity for Myanmar to capitalize on the use of the Global Fund’s funding to strengthen the health system. Deliberate planning is required to optimize the use of those scarce resources to provide universal coverage for HIV/AIDS.

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Autophagy and Metabolism in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22168540 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (16) ◽

pp. 8540

Author(s):

Ioanna E. Stergiou ◽

Efstathia K. Kapsogeorgou

Keyword(s):

Hematopoietic Cells ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Hematologic Malignancies ◽

Mitochondrial Content ◽

Differentiation Potential ◽

Hematopoietic Stem ◽

Hematopoietic System ◽

Regulation Of Metabolism ◽

Multipotent Differentiation

The hematopoietic system relies on regulation of both metabolism and autophagy to maintain its homeostasis, ensuring the self-renewal and multipotent differentiation potential of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HSCs display a distinct metabolic profile from that of their differentiated progeny, while metabolic rewiring from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) has been shown to be crucial for effective hematopoietic differentiation. Autophagy-mediated regulation of metabolism modulates the distinct characteristics of quiescent and differentiating hematopoietic cells. In particular, mitophagy determines the cellular mitochondrial content, thus modifying the level of OXPHOS at the different differentiation stages of hematopoietic cells, while, at the same time, it ensures the building blocks and energy for differentiation. Aberrations in both the metabolic status and regulation of the autophagic machinery are implicated in the development of hematologic malignancies, especially in leukemogenesis. In this review, we aim to investigate the role of metabolism and autophagy, as well as their interconnections, in normal and malignant hematopoiesis.

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Pre-school numeracy play as a predictor of children’s attitudes towards mathematics at age 10

Journal of Early Childhood Research ◽

10.1177/1476718x18762238 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 319-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Aidan Clerkin ◽

Katie Gilligan

Keyword(s):

Building Blocks ◽

Early Numeracy ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Mathematical Performance ◽

Science Technology ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Lower Socioeconomic ◽

Attitudes Towards Mathematics ◽

Mathematics And Science

Numeracy activities in early childhood have been linked to children’s mathematical performance in subsequent years. However, few studies have examined associations between early numeracy play and children’s subsequent attitudes towards mathematics. This study draws on the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2011 assessment to provide a retrospective snapshot of pre-school numeracy play reported by the parents of 10-year-old children (N = 4560). Most children were found to have engaged frequently in some form of early numeracy activity. However, children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds had less regular engagement with numeracy play, while spatial play (e.g. building blocks) was less common among girls. The extent to which children engaged in pre-school numeracy play was significantly associated with greater confidence and (for children from higher socioeconomic backgrounds) liking of mathematics at age 10, controlling for other factors. The results highlight socioeconomic and gendered differences in children’s early activities about which policy-makers, educators and parents should be aware. They also suggest the potential role of numeracy play in fostering positive attitudes towards mathematics, which should be considered amid efforts to increase participation in science, technology, engineering and maths domains.

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