Eco-friendly dyeing of raw cotton fibres in an ethanol–water mixture without scouring and bleaching pretreatments

This paper explores the effect of prior enzymatic treatment on non-formaldehyde crosslinked cotton fiber and crystalline structure of cotton fibers after enzyme, crosslinking and a combination of enzyme and crosslinking treatments were examined by X-ray diffractometer. Results showed that during crosslinking treatment crystallinity index (%) values were increased with reduced crystallinity size and crosslinked of enzyme treated cotton did not change the crystalline nature of cotton (i.e. it was Cellulose I). In addition, by analysing FT-IR and SEM data it is confirmed that uniform presence of crosslinking agents was visible on cotton fibres.

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Study on the Rotor Spinning Technology of Cotton Stalk Bark Fibres/Cotton Fibres

Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0012.5165 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (6(132)) ◽

pp. 68-70

Author(s):

Long Li ◽

Lei Liu ◽

Caixia Qin

Keyword(s):

Linear Density ◽

Fiber Spinning ◽

Cotton Fibers ◽

Cotton Stalk ◽

Roller Speed ◽

Rotor Spinning ◽

Length Difference ◽

Cotton Fibres

The length difference and low flexibility of cotton stalk bark fibers make fiber spinning difficult. In this work, cotton stalk bark fibers that were directly from degummed cotton stalk bark were wetted, carded and softened before sliver-marking, and then they were blended with cotton fibers for carding and spinning in various blending ratios. The results showed that a reasonable open roller speed was 6000 rpm for blending ratio 50/50, 7000 rpm for blending ratio 35/65, and 8000 rpm for blending ratio 20/80. The minimum yarn linear density was 60 tex for blending ratio 50/50, 50 tex for blending ratio 35/65, and 40 tex for blending ratio 20/80.

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Industrial scale-up of fiber recovery technology from mixed office waste fine screen rejects

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.15.3.6420-6430 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 6420-6430

Author(s):

Zhen-Hua Su ◽

Shu-Jie Fan ◽

Yu Zhang ◽

Chao Tian ◽

Chen Gong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Scale Up ◽

Specific Energy Consumption ◽

Industrial Scale ◽

Physical Strength ◽

Recovery System ◽

Volume Energy ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Office Waste ◽

Fine Screen

Industrial-scale testing was performed for fine screen reject recovery technology with a mixed office waste (MOW) pulping line. Results showed that the recovery system removed macrostickies and dirt specks with an efficiency of 95.7% to 98.3% and 51.5% to 76.8%, respectively. These results were not affected by the running consistency (0.26% to 1.44%). The recovery system improved the physical strength of the pulp. Relative to untreated rejects, the tensile index increased 5.1% to 15.2%, the tear index increased 6.6% to 11.4%, and the breaking index increased 6.6% to 25.7%. Running consistency had no obvious effects on tensile strength and tear strength, but bursting strength increased with increasing running consistency (%). The volume energy consumption (y) increased with increasing running consistency (x), and a linear relationship of y = 0.73x + 4.2191 (R² = 0.9466) was observed. The specific energy consumption (y) of the pulp decreased with increasing running consistency (x), and the relationship could be expressed as y = 499.67x-0.906 (R² = 0.9959).

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Simulation of ethanol recovery and economic analysis of pectin production on an industrial scale

Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering ◽

10.1007/s00449-021-02546-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Cariny Maria Polesca de Freitas ◽

Damázio Borda Sant’Ana Júnior ◽

Ricardo David Martins ◽

Manoela Maciel dos Santos Dias ◽

Jane Sélia dos Reis Coimbra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Economic Analysis ◽

Industrial Scale ◽

Ethanol Recovery

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Comparison of TEM and STM observations of small silver clusters on different carbon supports

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010017445x ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 264-265

Author(s):

Bernd Tesche ◽

Tobias Schilling

Keyword(s):

Vibration Isolation ◽

Pyrolytic Graphite ◽

Carbon Film ◽

Silver Clusters ◽

Carbon Supports ◽

Stacking Order ◽

System P ◽

High Resolution Tem ◽

High Degree ◽

Degree Of Order

The objective of our work is to determine:a) whether both of the imaging methods (TEM, STM) yield comparable data andb) which method is better suited for a reliable structure analysis of microclusters smaller than 1.5 nm, where a deviation of the bulk structure is expected.The silver was evaporated in a bell-jar system (p 10−5 pa) and deposited onto a 6 nm thick amorphous carbon film and a freshly cleaved highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG).The average deposited Ag thickness is 0.1 nm, controlled by a quartz crystal microbalance at a deposition rate of 0.02 nm/sec. The high resolution TEM investigations (100 kV) were executed by a hollow-cone illumination (HCI). For the STM investigations a commercial STM was used. With special vibration isolation we achieved a resolution of 0.06 nm (inserted diffraction image in Fig. 1c). The carbon film shows the remarkable reduction in noise by using HCI (Fig. 1a). The HOPG substrate (Fig. 1b), cleaved in sheets thinner than 30 nm for the TEM investigations, shows the typical arrangement of a nearly perfect stacking order and varying degrees of rotational disorder (i.e. artificial single crystals). The STM image (Fig. 1c) demonstrates the high degree of order in HOPG with atomic resolution.

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Formation of high temperature phase in flash-evaporated SnSe films

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100176629 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 698-699

Author(s):

J.P.S. Hanjra

Keyword(s):

Thin Films ◽

Electrical Properties ◽

Energy Gap ◽

Dominant Role ◽

Fine Powder ◽

High Temperature Phase ◽

Temperature Phase ◽

Water Mixture ◽

Flash Evaporation ◽

Photovoltaic Applications

Tin mono selenide (SnSe) with an energy gap of about 1 eV is a potential material for photovoltaic applications. Various authors have studied the structure, electronic and photoelectronic properties of thin films of SnSe grown by various deposition techniques. However, for practical photovoltaic junctions the electrical properties of SnSe films need improvement. We have carried out investigations into the properties of flash evaporated SnSe films. In this paper we report our results on the structure, which plays a dominant role on the electrical properties of thin films by TEM, SEM, and electron diffraction (ED).Thin films of SnSe were deposited by flash evaporation of SnSe fine powder prepared from high purity Sn and Se, onto glass, mica and KCl substrates in a vacuum of 2Ø micro Torr. A 15% HF + 2Ø% HNO3 solution was used to detach SnSe film from the glass and mica substrates whereas the film deposited on KCl substrate was floated over an ethanol water mixture by dissolution of KCl. The floating films were picked up on the grids for their EM analysis.

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