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2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (37) ◽  
pp. 299-310
Author(s):  
Rajendra Prakash Upadhyay ◽  
Chaturbhuja Nayak

Background: Homeopathy is a time-tested two-century old empirical system of healing. Homeopathic medicines are prepared through a characteristic process known as potentization, where serial dilutions are performed with strong strokes at each step of dilution. Homeopathy is controversial because most medicines do not contain one single molecule of the corresponding starting-substance. Aim: To investigate a possible nanoscience mechanism of action of homeopathic medicines. Methodology: Ultra-pure samples were prepared and were examined under scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) along with selected area nanodiffraction (SAD) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Also trace element analysis (TEA) for silicon was performed. Results: Homeopathic medicines showed not to be ‘nothing’, but exhibited nanoparticles and conglomerates of them, which had crystalline nature and were rich in silicon. Conclusions: During the violent strokes involved in potentization, information arising from the serially diluted starting-substance might be encrypted by epitaxy on silicon-rich crystalline nanoparticles present in the resulting homeopathic medicine. The ‘size’ of the information encrypted on nanoparticles might vary together with the degree of dilution. As homeopathic medicines exhibit healing effects, these nanoparticles along with the interfacial water on their surface might carry this information - which biological systems are able to identify - to the target. As various forms of silica are known to interact with proteins and cells of the immune system, homeopathy might represent a nanomedicine system. Possible confirmation, however, requires further research in materials and interfacial water.


Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Rami Alfattani ◽  
Mudasir Akbar Shah ◽  
Md Irfanul Haque Siddiqui ◽  
Masood Ashraf Ali ◽  
Ibrahim A. Alnaser

Bio-char has the ability to isolate carbon in soils and concurrently improve plant growth and soil quality, high energy density and also it can be used as an adsorbent for water treatment. In the current work, the characteristics of four different types of bio-chars, obtained from slow pyrolysis at 375 °C, produced from hard-, medium-, thin- and paper-shelled walnut residues have been studied. Bio-char properties such as proximate, ultimate analysis, heating values, surface area, pH values, thermal degradation behavior, morphological and crystalline nature and functional characterization using FTIR were determined. The pyrolytic behavior of bio-char is studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in an oxidizing atmosphere. SEM analysis confirmed morphological change and showed heterogeneous and rough texture structure. Crystalline nature of the bio-chars is established by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis. The maximum higher heating values (HHV), high fixed carbon content and surface area obtained for walnut shells (WS) samples are found as ~ 18.4 MJ kg−1, >80% and 58 m2/g, respectively. Improvement in HHV and decrease of O/C and H/C ratios lead the bio-char samples to fall into the category of coal and confirmed their hydrophobic, carbonized and aromatized nature. From the Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), it is observed that there is alteration in functional groups with increase in temperature, and illustrated higher aromaticity. This showed that bio-chars have high potential to be used as solid fuel either for direct combustion or for thermal conversion processes in boilers, kilns and furnace. Further, from surface area and pH analysis of bio-chars, it is found that WS bio-chars have similar characteristics of adsorbents used for water purifications, retention of essential elements in soil and carbon sequestration.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Sankareswaran ◽  
M Vanitha ◽  
P. Rajiv ◽  
A. Anbukumaran

Abstract The current investigation reports on a green route, simple and eco-friendly method for synthesis of silica nanoparticles from Phyllantus emblica. Appropriate characterization techniques were employed to assess the crystalline nature, microstructure, size, purity, elemental composition and stability of as-biosynthesized silica nanoparticles. The XRD analysis showed a wide-ranging peak at 22∘ of 2θ value and proved that the nanoparticles were crystalline nature with 32 nm average size of particles. FT-IR studies confirmed the occurrence of metal oxide group and presence of phyto-molecules namely hydroxyl, amide, and carboxyl functional groups, which were responsible for formation and stabilization of silica nanomaterials. TGA and Zeta potential analysis determined that silica nanoparticles are highly thermostable. EDX analysis revealed the purity of nanomaterials and spectra confirmed that formation of silica nanomaterials (72.97 weight percentage of SiO2 content) with low impurities. SEM analysis shows that the particles are spherical in shape with low agglomeration. This research work concluded that the P. emblica was an excellent and reliable green resource for production of highly stable and potential silica nanoparticles.


Author(s):  
Vinita Patole ◽  
Devyani Awari ◽  
Priyanka Lokhande ◽  
Rahul Sathe

Aim: An attempt was made to improve the solubility and to achieve better penetration of antifungal agent lawsone a poorly water-soluble naphthoquinone, derivative via co-crystallization to treat cutaneous candidiasis. Methodology: The co-crystals of lawsone were prepared using benzoic acid as co former by solvent crystallization method. The formulated co-crystals were assessed for different parameters namely, saturation solubility, thermal properties, crystalline nature, particle size and its antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Results: Lawsone co-crystals exhibited enhanced solubility of lawsone (9.57±2.5 mg/ml and 0.523±0.23 mg/ml respectively) and the particle size of the co-crystals were reduced to 560±2.2 nm as compared to pure lawsone (2478±1.5 nm) which further resulted in enhancement of antifungal activity. Lawsone co-crystals were loaded in the xanthan-gel base for easy applicability to the skin and to achieve patient compliance. The prepared gel was evaluated in terms of spreadability, adhesiveness, in vitro diffusion, viscosity, and antifungal activity.  Conclusion: Lawsone co-crystals loaded gel showed enhanced retension of drug in the skin as compared to plain lawsone gel. The antifungal potential of lawsone co-crystals loaded gel was at par with marketed Clotrimazole gel formulation. The short-term stability study carried out as per ICH guideline indicated that the formulation was stable. Lawsone co-crystals loaded gel.


2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miyapuram Ravi ◽  
Ghanta Pushpa Chakrapani ◽  
Mandava Balachandrika ◽  
Pavuluri Vasudevarao ◽  
Chendela Nageswararao ◽  
...  

Abstract This paper describes the preparation, structure and photoluminescence properties of a new class LiNa5(PO4)2:Dy3+, Sm3+-phosphor. Crystalline nature confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The phases obtained are in good agreement with the standard phase. Excitation dependence and concentration effect on luminescence features are investigated. Color purity and optical bandgap are also estimated for the LiNa5(PO4)2:Dy3+, Sm3+ phosphors. The result shows LiNa5(PO4)2:Dy3+, Sm3+-phosphor excited by 374 nm nUV light produces pure white light than others. Admixing of 4f configurations and energy transfer between dopants are identified while varying the concentration of Sm3+. The CIE coordinates for LiNa5(PO4)2:0.05Dy3+, 0.05Sm3+ (x = 0.309, y = 0.332) are positioned well in white light region and very close to pure white light. The present study on LiNa5(PO4)2:Dy3+, Sm3+-phosphor suggests that it is useful for the fabrication of white light emitting diodes.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2114 (1) ◽  
pp. 012047
Author(s):  
Maryam M. Hassen ◽  
Isam MJbrahim

Abstract In this paper nanocomposites materials of Polyaniline (PAni) nano-fiber (NFs) and Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by two method; hydrothermal and chemical method respectively. The spin coating method was used to prepare PAni and Pani/CeO2 on Si and glass substrates and then screened with XRD, FE-SEM, UV-Vis and as-prepared thin-film photodetectors. The X-ray diffraction pattern of all the prepared films showed the presence of crystalline nature. It was found that the PAni/CeO2 films have a cubic crystal structure.. FESEM results proved that the PAni film prepared have nanofiber like structure, while the PAni/CeO2 films proved that CeO2 NPs fully caped with PAni nanofiber. The UV-Vis spectra showed peaks of PAni 340nm, 651nm and PAni/CeO2 320nm, 620 nm and in the energy gap it is noticed that the band gap value decreases as the CeO2 ratios increases where the maximum values of energy gap of B-band and Q-band (1.65 – 2.74) eV. The maximum sensitivity values of the photoconductive detectors were observed at PAni/CeO2 (2 vol.%) nanoparticles deposited on n-Si substrate which were approximately (2696.5%, 946.15%, 1402.2%, 1613.9%3837.9%, and 2700%) for wavelengths 360, 465, 510, 595,660 and 965 nm respectively.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
Sharmila Pradhan Amatya ◽  
Santu Shrestha ◽  
Yadav Aryal

This research mainly aims at implementing green approach for synthesizing multifunctional manganese nanoparticles (MnNPs) using aqueous extract of banana peel (Musa paradiasca) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) as the precursor. As synthesized MnNPs were confirmed initially by a color change and later on characterized by UV-visible (UV-vis) Spectrophotometer, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Green approach was carried at various parameters like concentration of precursor solution, reaction time, temperature, etc for optimization. The formation of MnNPs was confirmed by the presence of surface plasmon absorbance band  (450 nm) and band at 6 and 6.5 keV of EDX spectrum. Likewise, so formed MnNPs were crystalline nature depicted from the sharp peak observed at 28.5º and 41° in X-ray diffraction pattern. Various types of biomolecules associated with the banana peel extract acting as natural reducer and stabilizer were analyzed from characteristic absorption bands present in the FT-IR spectrum.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bikhal Fattah ◽  
Huner Arif ◽  
Haider Hamzah

Abstract Due to the presence of antibiotic-resistant genes, treatment options of clinical isolates are exceedingly limited. This study was aimed to fabricate, optimize, characterize, and evaluate the action of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against a clinical isolate of Enterococcus faecalis. A combination of cell-free supernatant (C-FS) of the filamentous fungus Fusarium solani and Gram-negative Comamonas aquatica for AgNPs formation was proposed; the antigrowth and antibiofilm of AgNPs against E. faecalis harboring blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes were assessed. The ratio of 1:2 v/v (C-FS:AgNO3) at pH 9.0 for 72 h in 1 mM AgNO3 were the optimal conditions for AgNPs formation. UV-vis absorption peak appeared at 425 nm and the crystalline nature of synthesized particles was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the interaction of protein molecules with the AgNPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis demonstrated that fabricated AgNPs were relatively monodispersed, approximately spherical, and of size 2-7.5 nm. blaTEM and blaCTX-M were detected in E. faecalis; the growth and biofilm of E. faecalis were significantly decreased by the action of 12.5 µg/mL AgNPs. This is the first study proposing alternative sources to form AgNPs via synergistic metabolites of F. solani and C. aquatica. The results here offer a foundation for developing an effective therapy using AgNPs against clinical pathogens.


2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1158-1166
Author(s):  
S.Syed Shafi ◽  
R. Rajesh ◽  
R. Subaash ◽  
S.Senthil kumar

Recently, heterocyclic compounds play important role in drug industries. The benzothiazole (BTA) is a bicyclic compound in heterocyclic because of their biological properties. In this paper the synthesis and characterization of benzothiazole were reported. The chemical structures of synthesized compounds were established based on spectral data of 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and IR. The mass of the novel compounds was established with the help of the LCMS test. The formation of the crystal was confirmed by powder XRD and the sharp peaks show the purity and crystalline nature of the samples. The photoluminescence spectra explain the optical property of the compound. The biological studies of synthesized compounds show that compound 5c possesses good antibacterial activity and compound 5d has good antifungal activity.


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