Access to metastable [GeH2]n materials via a molecular “bottom-up” approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn Sinclair ◽  
William Medroa Del Pino ◽  
Kwami Aku-Dominguez ◽  
Yohei Minami ◽  
Anagha Kiran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Starting Material ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Common

We describe the application of a mild, molecular-based, hydride metathesis protocol for the preparation of metastable germanium(II) dihydrides with compositions approaching [GeH2]n. The common starting material for this work [Ge(OtBu)2]...

scholarly journals Subjective Importance of a Common Feature Decides Its Consideration in Multi-attribute Decision-making

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyi Wang ◽  
Guibing He
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Shared Information ◽  
Multi Attribute Decision Making ◽  
The Common ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Subjective Importance

One of the interesting research questions in multi-attribute decision-making is what affects the consideration of shared information (i.e., common features) between two alternatives. Previous studies have suggested two approaches (bottom-up and top-down) in finding what characteristics of common features affect their consideration. Two bottom-up factors (salience and interdependence) were found, but no top-down factors were discovered. In the current study, we followed the top-down approach and investigated how subjective importance (SI) of a common feature affects its consideration. In two studies, we consistently found that, on both the general and individual level, the level of consideration increased with the SI of the common feature. This result provided a new explanation for the effect of common feature consideration and its individual difference; it also provided insights in explaining the underlying process of multi-attribute decision making.

scholarly journals Trapped in the imperial narrative? Some reflections on warfare and the provincial masses in Byzantium (600-1204)

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Yannis Stouraitis
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Common People ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Collective Identification ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

The experience of war of the common people in the medieval East Roman Empire is a topic related to hotly debated issues such as collective identification and attachments, or imperialism and ecumenical ideology. This paper attempts a bottom-up approach to the way warfare was perceived and experienced by provincial populations based on the analysis of selected evidence from the period between the seventh and the twelfth centuries. It goes without saying that the treatment of the topic here could not be exhaustive. My main goal was to problematize the relationship between the objectives of imperial military policies and the pragmatic needs of common provincials for protection of their well-being.

„Epifanie w końcu muszą mieć jakiś sens”. Wokół ironii Juliusza Słowackiego i Zbigniewa Herberta

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 287-298
Author(s):  
Olga Taranek-Wolańska
Keyword(s):  
Starting Material ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Romantic Irony ◽  
Mediterranean Culture ◽  
The Common ◽  
Narrative Forms ◽  
Short Narrative

The article is devoted to irony as one of the common interpretative denominators of the works of Juliusz Słowacki and Zbigniew Herbert. Taking into account the fact that at least several types of irony are distinguished in literary studies (an elementary division includes rhetorical irony, socratic irony, and romantic irony), the author focuses on the linguistic element(s) of irony. The author sets out various functions of irony in Słowacki and Herbert, and with this procedure — presents the attitude of both poets to the heritage of Mediterranean culture as the eternal source of existential dilemmas. As the starting material for analysis and interpretation, two texts were used — Słowacki’s digression poem Podróż do Ziemi Świętej z Neapolu (read in the context of the genre) and a collec-tion of Herbert’s short narrative forms, Król mrówek.

scholarly journals CLUSTER-BASED EXTENSION OF THE GENERALIZED POISSON LOSS DYNAMICS AND CONSISTENCY WITH SINGLE NAMES

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (04) ◽  
pp. 607-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAMIANO BRIGO ◽  
ANDREA PALLAVICINI ◽  
ROBERTO TORRESETTI
Keyword(s):  
Counting Process ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Loss Model ◽  
Generalized Poisson ◽  
The Common ◽  
Loss Models ◽  
Recovery Dynamics

We extend the common Poisson shock framework reviewed for example in Lindskog and McNeil [15] to a formulation avoiding repeated defaults, thus obtaining a model that can account consistently for single name default dynamics, cluster default dynamics and default counting process. This approach allows one to introduce significant dynamics, improving on the standard "bottom-up" approaches, and to achieve true consistency with single names, improving on most "top-down" loss models. Furthermore, the resulting GPCL model has important links with the previous GPL dynamical loss model in Brigo et al. [6], which we point out. Model extensions allowing for more articulated spread and recovery dynamics are hinted at. Calibration to both DJi-TRAXX and CDX index and tranche data across attachments and maturities shows that the GPCL model has the same calibration power as the GPL model while allowing for consistency with single names.

Politics in the Service of Society: A Response to My Interlocutors

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-270
Author(s):  
Luke Bretherton
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Common Life ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Informal Politics ◽  
The Common ◽  
Made In

This article is a response to Hauerwas’s, O’Donovan’s and Muir’s engagements with Christ and the Common Life. Three distinctions that operate in the book are clarified, namely that between formal and informal politics, bottom-up forms of democratic politics and top-down forms of statecraft, and social and political relations. In setting these out, the distinction between public and private is critiqued and two, interrelated moves made in the book are defended. First, that democratic politics precedes and sustains a liberal polity. And second, that human law and the state should serve the antecedent and superordinate good of association.

scholarly journals Replacement of the Common Chromium Source CrCl3(thf)3 with Well-Defined [CrCl2(μ-Cl)(thf)2]2

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1167
Author(s):  
Dong Geun Lee ◽  
Jun Won Baek ◽  
Jung Hyun Lee ◽  
Hyun Ju Lee ◽  
Yeong Hyun Seo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structure Determination ◽  
Starting Material ◽  
Crystalline Solid ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ethylene Tetramerization ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One

CrCl3(thf)3 is a common starting material in the synthesis of organometallic and coordination compounds of Cr. Deposited as an irregular solid with no possibility of recrystallization, it is not a purity guaranteed chemical, causing problems in some cases. In this work, we disclose a well-defined form of the THF adduct of CrCl3 ([CrCl2(μ-Cl)(thf)2]2), a crystalline solid, that enables structure determination by X-ray crystallography. The EA data and XRD pattern of the bulk agreed with the revealed structure. Moreover, its preparation procedure is facile: evacuation of CrCl3·6H2O at 100 °C, treatment with 6 equivalents of Me3SiCl in a minimal amount of THF, and crystallization from CH2Cl2. The ethylene tetramerization catalyst [iPrN{P(C6H4-p-Si(nBu)3)2}2CrCl2]+[B(C6F5)4]− prepared using well-defined [CrCl2(μ-Cl)(thf)2]2 as a starting material exhibited a reliably high activity (6600 kg/g-Cr/h; 1-octene selectivity at 40 °C, 75%), while that of the one prepared using the impure CrCl3(thf)3 was inconsistent and relatively low (~3000 kg/g-Cr/h). By using well-defined [CrCl2(μ-Cl)(thf)2]2 as a Cr source, single crystals of [(CH3CN)4CrCl2]+[B(C6F5)4]− and [{Et(Cl)Al(N(iPr)2)2}Cr(μ-Cl)]2 were obtained, allowing structure determination by X-ray crystallography, which had been unsuccessful when the previously known CrCl3(thf)3 was used as the Cr source.

Against Jazz Combo Theories of Meaning and Reference

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-86
Author(s):  
Kenneth A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Representational Content ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Dynamic Priority ◽  
Shared Set ◽  
Explanatory Priority ◽  
The Common ◽  
Causal Theories ◽  
Theories Of Meaning

The “jazz combo theory” captures the common spirit of various theories that reject reference and the “bottom up” approach to the problem of objective representational content. We can imagine the members of a jazz combo initially playing together without any shared musical norms. But they continually adjust to one another until norms emerge and are mutually endorsed. Players start holding one another to these norms, and it’s this that gives the sounds they produce—what would otherwise be mere noise—determinate musical content. Similarly, on the jazz combo theory, what would otherwise be productions of meaningless strings by language users, come to constitute determinate linguistic acts with determinate propositional contents, by virtue of the users adopting, and holding one another to, a shared set of linguistic and discursive norms. This chapter argues that jazz combo theorists overstate the case against reference, although they’re right in stressing the importance of norms and their dependence on social interaction. Jazz combo theorists tend to reject bottom-up approaches, including causal theories, because they take those approaches to be incompatible with the explanatory priority of the sentence and to fail to bridge the supposed gap between cause and norm. A number of conceptual tools are introduced to counter their arguments and to defend the consistency of the dynamic priority of the sentence, the syntactic correlativity of sentences and their constituents, and the semantic priority of constituents.

Easy Access to Novel Tetrahydro-1-benzazepine-2-carboxylic Acids and Tetrahydro-1-benzazepines Carrying [a]-Fused Heterocyclic Units from 2-(Allylaryl)glycinates

Synthesis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alirio Palma ◽  
Sergio Andrés Guerrero ◽  
Juan E. Ramírez ◽  
Carlos M. Sanabria ◽  
Lina M. Acosta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
13C Nmr ◽  
Spectroscopic Characterization ◽  
Starting Material ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
1H And 13C Nmr ◽  
The Common ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

AbstractA concise, efficient, and versatile approach to access novel tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine-2-carboxylic acids and tricyclic tetra­hydro-1-benzazepines carrying [a]-fused heterocyclic units is reported. The easily accessible 2-(allylaryl)glycinates were used as starting material to synthesize, via the corresponding 1,4-epoxycycloadducts, the required key intermediate benzo[b]azepine-2-carboxylates. Hydrolysis of the latter afforded the targeted benzo[b]azepine-2-carboxylic acids. The key intermediate was also converted into N-2-chloroacetyl derivatives which, in turn, were transformed into the corresponding tricyclic target hexahydrobenzo[f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine-1,4-diones by reaction with benzylamine or aminoethanol. The reaction of the common intermediate with hydrazine gave the corresponding intermediate carbohydrazides, which, by reaction with trimethoxymethane, were transformed into another tricyclic target tetrahydrobenzo[f][1,2,4]tri­azino[4,5-a]azepin-4(3H)-ones. Full spectroscopic characterization (IR, HRMS, and 1H and 13C NMR) is also reported for each compound.

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