Bacterial metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate

1. Two Pseudomonas strains isolated from soil metabolized 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) as sole carbon source in mineral salts liquid medium. 2. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetate cultures of Pseudomonas I (Smith, 1954) contained 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2-chlorophenol, 3,5-dichlorocatechol and α-chloromuconate, the last as a major metabolite. 3. Dechlorination at the 4(p)-position of the aromatic ring must therefore take place at some stages before ring fission. 4. Pseudomonas N.C.I.B. 9340 (Gaunt, 1962) cultures metabolizing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate contained 2,4-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenoxyacetate, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 3,5-dichlorocatechol and an unstable compound, probably αγ-dichloromuconate. 5. Cell-free extracts of the latter organism grown in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate cultures contained an oxygenase that converted 3,5-dichlorocatechol into αγ-dichloromuconate, a chlorolactonase that in the presence of Mn2+ ions converted the dichloromuconate into γ-carboxymethylene-α-chloro-Δαβ-butenolide, and a delactonizing enzyme that gave α-chloromaleylacetate from this lactone. 6. Pathways of metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate are discussed.

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DECOMPOSITION OF 2,2-DICHLOROPROPIONIC ACID BY SOIL BACTERIA

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m59-030 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 255-260 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Lyman A. Magee ◽

Arthur R. Colmer

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Liquid Medium ◽

Soil Bacteria ◽

Sole Carbon Source ◽

Solid Medium ◽

Chloride Ion ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Mineral Salts ◽

Selective Media ◽

Enrichment Techniques

Eight bacteria capable of decomposing 2,2-dichloropropionate (dalapon) were isolated from soil by means of enrichment techniques and selective media. The decomposition was demonstrated by the clearing of a solid medium containing mineral salts, dalapon, and CaCO3; by a lowering of the pH of a liquid medium containing dalapon as the carbon source; by the increase in chloride ion in the liquid medium; and by the consumption of oxygen by three of the isolates when dalapon was the sole carbon source. Six of these were tentatively classified as Agrobacterium and two were tentatively classified as Pseudomonas, although there was much overlapping of characteristics. These organisms and many unidentified actinomycetes, molds, and bacteria, including a Micrococcus species, overcame the inhibitory effect of dalapon on an agar-decomposing bacterium when grown on the same plate.

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Selective medium for the isolation and enumeration of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare and M. scrofulaceum

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m86-003 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 10-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Karen L. George ◽

Joseph O. Falkinham III

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Mycobacterium Avium ◽

Sole Carbon Source ◽

Natural Waters ◽

Tween 80 ◽

Selective Medium ◽

Selective Isolation ◽

Mineral Salts ◽

Mycobacterium Avium Intracellulare

A medium for the selective isolation and enumeration of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare and M. scrofulaceum (MAIS) was developed, based upon the ability of these mycobacteria to utilize Tween 80 as sole carbon source and grow optimally at pH 5.5 on a simple mineral salts medium. Representative MAIS strains had higher efficiencies of plating on the Tween 80 medium compared with Middlebrook 7H10. It was shown that nonmycobacterial organisms in natural waters had lower efficiencies of plating on the Tween 80 medium and smaller colonies, thus allowing direct isolation and enumeration of the slowly growing mycobacteria without overgrowth.

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Metabolism of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate by a soil pseudomonad. Preliminary evidence for the metabolic pathway

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1220519 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 122 (4) ◽

pp. 519-526 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

J. K. Gaunt ◽

W. C. Evans

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Liquid Medium ◽

Metabolic Pathway ◽

Sole Carbon Source ◽

Preliminary Evidence ◽

Tentative Identification

1. A pseudomonad capable of utilizing the herbicide 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate as a sole carbon source was isolated from soil and cultured in liquid medium. 2. Analysis of induction patterns of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate-grown cells suggests that 5-chloro-o-cresol and 5-chloro-3-methylcatechol are early intermediates in the oxidation of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate. Cells were not adapted to oxidize 4-chloro-6-hydroxy-2-methylphenoxyacetate. 3. In culture, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate rapidly disappeared and the chlorine in the molecule was quantitatively released as Cl− ion. 4. A lactone (γ-carboxymethylene-α-methyl-Δαβ-butenolide) was isolated from cultures and established as an intermediate. 5. The following metabolic pathway is suggested: 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetate → 5-chloro-o-cresol → 5-chloro-3-methylcatechol → cis–cis-γ-chloro-α-methylmuconate → γ-carboxymethylene-α-methyl-Δαβ-butenolide → γ-hydroxy-α-methylmuconate. 6. The tentative identification of 5-chloro-o-cresol, a γ-chloro-α-methylmuconate and γ-hydroxy-α-methylmuconate in culture extracts supports this scheme. However, the catechol was never observed to accumulate in cultures. 7. The detection of 4-chloro-6-hydroxy-2-methylphenoxyacetate, 2-methyl-phenoxyacetate, a dehalogenated cresol and oxalate in culture extracts is discussed in relation to the proposed metabolic pathway.

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Biodegradation of phenol and monochlorophenols by yeast Rhodotorula glutinis

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1994.0444 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 30 (9) ◽

pp. 59-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Keiko Katayama-Hirayama ◽

Shusaku Tobita ◽

Kimiaki Hirayama

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Yeast Strain ◽

Sole Carbon Source ◽

Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽

Chloride Ion ◽

Chloride Ions ◽

Cell Cultivation ◽

Ms Analysis ◽

Ring Fission

Biodegradation of phenol and monochlorophenols (CPs) by a yeast strain of Rhodotorula glutinis was examined. The strain completely degraded 5 mM of phenol and utilized phenol as a sole carbon source. The strain may degrade phenol by the “ortho” type of ring fission because muconolactone was observed in the cultured broth. 3-Chlorophenol (3-CP) and 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) were well degraded and stoichiometric release of chloride ion was observed, but degradation of 2-chlorophenol was low with a small quantity of chloride ions. Biodegradability of 3-CP and 4-CP was increased by the addition of phenol or CPs to the medium at the cell cultivation. Since 4-chlorocatechol and maleylacetic acid were determined as metabolites of 3-CP and 4-CP by GC/MS analysis, dechlorination may take place between the formation of 4-chlorocatechol and maleylacetic acid.

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BACTERIAL METABOLISM OFD-ASPARTATE INVOLVING RACEMIZATION AND DECARBOXYLATION

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m66-101 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 745-751 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A. J. Markovetz ◽

W. J. Cook ◽

A. D. Larson

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Carbon Source ◽

Sole Carbon Source ◽

Bacterial Metabolism ◽

Alanine Racemase ◽

Whole Cells

A pseudomonad was isolated from soil with D-aspartate serving as sole carbon source. Whole cells and cellular extracts produced carbon dioxide and DL-alanine from D- and L-aspartate. The addition of oxamycin to cellular extracts inhibited the alanine racemase found to be present and it was ascertained that L-alanine was formed from both D- and L-aspartate, indicating that D-aspartate had been racemized to the L-isomer with subsequent decarboxylation to L-alanine.

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INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID AND GLYOXYLATE CYCLES STUDIED WITH BACTERIAL AUXOTROPHS

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m62-030 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 241-247 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Henry C. Reeves ◽

Samuel J. Ajl

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Sole Carbon Source ◽

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽

Tricarboxylic Acid ◽

Mineral Salts ◽

Glyoxylate Bypass ◽

Acid Cycle ◽

E Coli ◽

Acetate Medium ◽

Metabolic Significance

An autotroph of Escherichia coli, E26-6, which is unable to grow aerobically in a simple mineral-salts medium with either acetate, glutamate, isocitrate, or any one of the C4 dicarboxylic acid intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle as sole carbon source, has been investigated. The mutant is able to grow, however, in a mineral-salts acetate medium supplemented with any one of the above acids. The specific activities of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glyoxylate bypass enzymes, with the exception of alpha-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase, which is greatly impaired in the auxotroph, were found to be essentially the same in both the parent and the mutant. Thus, the glyoxylate bypass alone is not capable of supplying sufficient C4 intermediates to allow the growth of E. coli on acetate. Further, there appear to be no other metabolic pathways leading to C4 production, which are of major metabolic significance during growth on acetate, other than the tricarboxylic and glyoxylate cycles. Finally, in conjunction with the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the malate synthetase and isocitritase reactions provide a mechanism which enables E. coli to grow on a medium containing acetate as the sole carbon source.

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Cell division in a species of Erwinia. XI Some aspects of the carbon and nitrogen nutrition of Erwinia species

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m68-204 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 1217-1224 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mary M. Grula ◽

R. W. Smith ◽

C. F. Parham ◽

E. A. Grula

Keyword(s):

Cell Division ◽

Carbon Source ◽

Aspartic Acid ◽

Ammonium Chloride ◽

Sole Carbon Source ◽

Nitrogen Nutrition ◽

Krebs Cycle ◽

Sole Source ◽

Mineral Salts ◽

Acid Media

The species of Erwinia used in cell division studies (Grula 1960a) will grow on L- or D-aspartic acid, but no other amino acid, as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. Ammonia is utilizable as a sole source of nitrogen; in this case the rate and extent of growth are significantly influenced by the carbon source. Of all compounds tested, malic acid supports the most rapid and abundant growth in an ammonium chloride – mineral salts medium. Added pantothenate often stimulates growth in ammonium chloride media, but not in aspartic acid media. Growth in an ammonium chloride – glucose – salts medium is rather slow and limited. Marked stimulation occurs by supplementation with intermediates of the Krebs cycle, even though the compound supports little or no growth as a sole carbon source. Neither L-glutamic acid nor α-ketoglutaric acid supports growth as a sole carbon source; this is believed to result from impermeability of the cell to these compounds.

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Improved procedure and colorimetric test for the detection of ortho- and meta-cleavage of protocatechuate by Pseudomonas isolates

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m74-163 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 1059-1061 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

J. C. G. Ottow ◽

W. Zolg

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Yeast Extract ◽

Sole Carbon Source ◽

Synthetic Medium ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Colorimetric Test ◽

Ring Fission ◽

Cut Method

A sensitive and clear-cut method for the demonstration of ortho- and meta-cleavage of protocatechuate is described. Pseudomonas strains to be tested for the mode of ring fission should be grown on a synthetic medium containing p-hydroxybenzoate, quinate, or glucose–yeast extract as sole carbon source. Suspensions of these organisms are tested for ring-fission mechanism to detect the constitutive or inducible nature of protocatechuate 3,4-oxygenase.

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