Circular dichroism and synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy: tools for drug discovery

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.A. Wallace ◽  
Robert W. Janes
Keyword(s):  
Circular Dichroism ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Cd Spectroscopy ◽  
Drug Binding ◽  
Apoptosis Protein ◽  
Circular Dichroïsm

CD spectroscopy is an established and valuable technique for examining protein structure, dynamics and folding. Because of its ability to sensitively detect conformational changes, it has important potential for drug discovery, enabling screening for ligand and drug binding, and detection of potential candidates for new pharmaceuticals. The binding of the anti-tumour agent Taxol to the anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2 [Rodi, Janes, Sanganee, Holton, Wallace and Makowski (1999) J. Mol. Biol. 285, 197–204] and the binding of the anti-epileptic drug lamotrigine to voltage-gated sodium channels [Cronin, O'Reilly, Duclohier and Wallace (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 10675–10682] are used as examples to show changes detectable by CD involving secondary structure, and are contrasted with the binding of the agonist carbamylcholine to acetylcholine receptors [Mielke and Wallace (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 8177–8182], an example where binding does not involve a secondary structural change. Synchrotron radiation CD spectroscopy offers significant enhancements with respect to conventional CD spectroscopy, which will enable its usage for high-throughput screening and as a tool in ‘chemical genomics’ or ‘reverse chemical genetics’ strategies for ligand identification. The lower wavelength data available enable more detailed, sensitive and accurate detection, the higher light intensity permits much smaller amounts of both proteins and drug candidates to be used in the screening, and future technological developments in sample handling and detection should enable automated high-throughput screening to be performed.

Protein characterisation by synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Circular Dichroism ◽  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Protein Structures ◽  
Light Flux ◽  
Cd Spectroscopy ◽  
Drug Binding ◽  
Disordered Proteins ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Applications ◽  
Circular Dichroïsm

AbstractCircular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is a well-established technique for the study of proteins. Synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) spectroscopy extends the utility of conventional CD spectroscopy (i.e. using laboratory-based instruments) because the high light flux from a synchrotron enables collection of data to lower wavelengths, detection of spectra with higher signal-to-noise levels and measurements in the presence of strongly absorbing non-chiral components such as salts, buffers, lipids and detergents. This review describes developments in instrumentation, methodologies and bioinformatics that have enabled new applications of the SRCD technique for the study of proteins. It includes examples of the use of SRCD spectroscopy for providing static and dynamic structural information on molecules, including determinations of secondary structures of intact proteins and domains, assessment of protein stability, detection of conformational changes associated with ligand and drug binding, monitoring of environmental effects, examination of the processes of protein folding and membrane insertion, comparisons of mutant and modified proteins, identification of intermolecular interactions and complex formation, determination of the dispositions of proteins in membranes, identification of natively disordered proteins and their binding partners and examination of the carbohydrate components of glycoproteins. It also discusses how SRCD can be used in conjunction with macromolecular crystallography and other biophysical techniques to provide a more complete picture of protein structures and functions, including how proteins interact with other macromolecules and ligands. This review also includes a discussion of potential new applications in structural and functional genomics using SRCD spectroscopy and future instrumentation and bioinformatics developments that will enable such studies. Finally, the appendix describes a number of computational/bioinformatics resources for secondary structure analyses that take advantage of the improved data quality available from SRCD. In summary, this review discusses how SRCD can be used for a wide range of structural and functional studies of proteins.

scholarly journals Characterisation of sensor kinase by CD spectroscopy: golden rules and tips

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1627-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliano Siligardi ◽  
Charlotte S. Hughes ◽  
Rohanah Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Circular Dichroism ◽  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Cd Spectroscopy ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Sensor Kinase ◽  
Circular Dichroïsm

This is a review that describes the golden rules and tips on how to characterise the molecular interactions of membrane sensor kinase proteins with ligands using mainly circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. CD spectroscopy is essential for this task as any conformational change observed in the far-UV (secondary structures (α-helix, β-strands, poly-proline of type II, β-turns, irregular and folding) and near-UV regions [local environment of the aromatic side-chains of amino acid residues (Phe, Tyr and Trp) and ligands (drugs) and prosthetic groups (porphyrins, cofactors and coenzymes (FMN, FAD, NAD))] upon ligand addition to the protein can be used to determine qualitatively and quantitatively ligand-binding interactions. Advantages of using CD versus other techniques will be discussed. The difference CD spectra of the protein–ligand mixtures calculated subtracting the spectra of the ligand at various molar ratios can be used to determine the type of conformational changes induced by the ligand in terms of the estimated content of the various elements of protein secondary structure. The highly collimated microbeam and high photon flux of Diamond Light Source B23 beamline for synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) enable the use of minimal amount of membrane proteins (7.5 µg for a 0.5 mg/ml solution) for high-throughput screening. Several examples of CD titrations of membrane proteins with a variety of ligands are described herein including the protocol tips that would guide the choice of the appropriate parameters to conduct these titrations by CD/SRCD in the best possible way.

Synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) spectroscopy: an enhanced method for examining protein conformations and protein interactions

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 861-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.A. Wallace ◽  
Robert W. Janes
Keyword(s):  
Circular Dichroism ◽  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Cd Spectroscopy ◽  
Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy ◽  
Protein Conformations ◽  
Mutant Proteins ◽  
Circular Dichroïsm

CD (circular dichroism) spectroscopy is a well-established technique in structural biology. SRCD (synchrotron radiation circular dichroism) spectroscopy extends the utility and applications of conventional CD spectroscopy (using laboratory-based instruments) because the high flux of a synchrotron enables collection of data at lower wavelengths (resulting in higher information content), detection of spectra with higher signal-to-noise levels and measurements in the presence of absorbing components (buffers, salts, lipids and detergents). SRCD spectroscopy can provide important static and dynamic structural information on proteins in solution, including secondary structures of intact proteins and their domains, protein stability, the differences between wild-type and mutant proteins, the identification of natively disordered regions in proteins, and the dynamic processes of protein folding and membrane insertion and the kinetics of enzyme reactions. It has also been used to effectively study protein interactions, including protein–protein complex formation involving either induced-fit or rigid-body mechanisms, and protein–lipid complexes. A new web-based bioinformatics resource, the Protein Circular Dichroism Data Bank (PCDDB), has been created which enables archiving, access and analyses of CD and SRCD spectra and supporting metadata, now making this information publicly available. To summarize, the developing method of SRCD spectroscopy has the potential for playing an important role in new types of studies of protein conformations and their complexes.

scholarly journals Circular dichroism and synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy: tools for drug discovery

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1531-1531 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.A. WALLACE ◽  
ROBERT W. JANES
Keyword(s):  
Circular Dichroism ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy ◽  
Title Page ◽  
Online Journal ◽  
Circular Dichroïsm

On the title page of the article (p. 631), the first author's name was shown incorrectly as “Bonnie A. Wallace”; this should have been “B.A. Wallace”. This has been corrected for the online journal.

scholarly journals Tapping into Synchrotron and Benchtop Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy for Expanding Studies of Complex Polysaccharides and their Interactions in Anoxic Archaeological Wood

Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Mary K. Phillips-Jones ◽  
Stephen E. Harding
Keyword(s):  
Circular Dichroism ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Visible Region ◽  
Cd Spectroscopy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ultraviolet Region ◽  
Synchrotron Source ◽  
Archaeological Wood ◽  
Circular Dichroïsm

Circular dichroism (CD) (and synchrotron circular dichroism (SCD)) spectroscopy is a rapid, highly sensitive technique used to investigate structural conformational changes in biomolecules in response to interactions with ligands in solution and in film. It is a chiroptical method and at least one of the interacting molecules must possess optical activity (or chirality). In this review, we compare the capabilities of CD and SCD in the characterisation of celluloses and lignin polymers in archaeological wood. Cellulose produces a range of spectral characteristics dependent on environment and form; many of the reported transitions occur in the vacuum-ultraviolet region (< 180 nm) most conveniently delivered using a synchrotron source. The use of induced CD in which achiral dyes are bound to celluloses to give shifted spectra in the visible region is also discussed, together with its employment to identify the handedness of the chiral twists in nanocrystalline cellulose. Lignin is one target for the design of future consolidants that interact with archaeological wood to preserve it. It is reportedly achiral, but here we review several studies in which CD spectroscopy has successfully revealed lignin interactions with chiral enzymes, highlighting the potential usefulness of the technique in future research to identify new generation consolidants.

JCAMP-DX for circular dichroism spectra and metadata (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)

2012 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 2171-2182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Woollett ◽  
Daniel Klose ◽  
Richard Cammack ◽  
Robert W. Janes ◽  
B. A. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Circular Dichroism ◽  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Cd Spectroscopy ◽  
Public Repository ◽  
Data Format ◽  
The Public ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
Circular Dichroïsm

Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is a widely used technique for the characterisation of proteins. A number of CD instruments are currently on the market, and there are more than a dozen synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) beamlines in operation worldwide. All produce different output formats and contents. In order for users of CD and SRCD data to be able simply to compare and contrast data and the associated recorded or unrecorded metadata, it is essential to have a common data format. For this reason, the JCAMP-DX-CD format for CD spectroscopy has been developed, based on extensive consultations with users and senior representatives of all the instrument manufacturers and beamlines, and under the auspices of IUPAC, based on the Joint Committee on Atomic and Physical Data Exchange protocols. The availability of a common format is also important for deposition to, and access from, the Protein Circular Dichroism Data Bank, the public repository for CD and SRCD data and metadata. The JCAMP-DX-CD format can be read by standard JCAMP programs such as JSpecView. We have also created a series of parsers, available at the DichroJCAMP web site (http://valispec.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/formatConverter/dichroJCAMPDX-CD.html), which will enable the conversion between instrument and beamline formats and the JCAMP-DX-CD format.

scholarly journals Calibration and standardisation of synchrotron radiation and conventional circular dichroism spectrometers. Part 2: Factors affecting magnitude and wavelength

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Miles ◽  
Frank Wien ◽  
Jonathan G. Lees ◽  
B.A. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Circular Dichroism ◽  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Optical Rotation ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Protein Secondary Structure ◽  
Cd Spectroscopy ◽  
Synchrotron Source ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Circular Dichroïsm

Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is an important tool in structural biology, especially for protein secondary structure analyses. Synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) spectroscopy is a modified version of the technique that uses the intense light from a synchrotron source to enable the collection of data to much lower wavelengths than possible on conventional circular dichroism (cCD) instruments. There is a need for standardization of calibration methods amongst and between cCD and SRCD instruments to ensure consistency and the ability to use common reference databases for empirical secondary structural analyses. In a previous study (Spectroscopy17(2003), 653–661), we compared optical rotation measurements on several cCD and SRCD instruments, whilst holding constant other experimental factors. In this study, other experimental parameters which contribute to the spectral magnitude, such as cell pathlength and protein concentration determinations, are examined. In addition, the extent of wavelength calibration variations between instruments and their effects on secondary structure calculations have been examined. Hence, this paper provides additional practical guidance for “good practice” in the measurement of CD data.

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