scholarly journals Ocean acidification impacts on coastal ecosystem services due to habitat degradation

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason M. Hall-Spencer ◽  
Ben P. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Seawater Chemistry ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Fossil Fuel Emissions

Abstract The oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions is changing seawater chemistry in a process known as ocean acidification. The chemistry of this rapid change in surface waters is well understood and readily detectable in oceanic observations, yet there is uncertainty about the effects of ocean acidification on society since it is difficult to scale-up from laboratory and mesocosm tests. Here, we provide a synthesis of the likely effects of ocean acidification on ecosystem properties, functions and services based on observations along natural gradients in pCO2. Studies at CO2 seeps worldwide show that biogenic habitats are particularly sensitive to ocean acidification and that their degradation results in less coastal protection and less habitat provisioning for fisheries. The risks to marine goods and services amplify with increasing acidification causing shifts to macroalgal dominance, habitat degradation and a loss of biodiversity at seep sites in the tropics, the sub-tropics and on temperate coasts. Based on this empirical evidence, we expect ocean acidification to have serious consequences for the millions of people who are dependent on coastal protection, fisheries and aquaculture. If humanity is able to make cuts in fossil fuel emissions, this will reduce costs to society and avoid the changes in coastal ecosystems seen in areas with projected pCO2 levels. A binding international agreement for the oceans should build on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal to ‘minimise and address the impacts of ocean acidification’.

scholarly journals Ancestry and evolution of seasonal migration in the Parulidae

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1728) ◽  
pp. 610-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin M. Winger ◽  
Irby J. Lovette ◽  
David W. Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Seasonal Migration ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Migratory Behaviour ◽  
Wood Warbler ◽  
Wood Warblers ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Tropics

Seasonal migration in birds is known to be highly labile and subject to rapid change in response to selection, such that researchers have hypothesized that phylogenetic relationships should neither predict nor constrain the migratory behaviour of a species. Many theories on the evolution of bird migration assume a framework that extant migratory species have evolved repeatedly and relatively recently from sedentary tropical or subtropical ancestors. We performed ancestral state reconstructions of migratory behaviour using a comprehensive, well-supported phylogeny of the Parulidae (the ‘wood-warblers’), a large family of Neotropical and Nearctic migratory and sedentary songbirds, and examined the rates of gain and loss of migration throughout the Parulidae. Counter to traditional hypotheses, our results suggest that the ancestral wood-warbler was migratory and that losses of migration have been at least as prevalent as gains throughout the history of Parulidae. Therefore, extant sedentary tropical radiations in the Parulidae represent losses of latitudinal migration and colonization of the tropics from temperate regions. We also tested for phylogenetic signal in migratory behaviour, and our results indicate that although migratory behaviour is variable within some wood-warbler species and clades, phylogeny significantly predicts the migratory distance of species in the Parulidae.

Effects of Ocean Acidification on Sediment Fauna

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Widdicombe ◽  
John I. Spicer
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Unconsolidated Sediments ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Marine Realm ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function

The vast majority of the seafloor is covered not in rocky or biogenic reefs but in unconsolidated sediments and, consequently, the majority of marine biodiversity consists of invertebrates either residing in (infauna) or on (epifauna) sediments (Snelgrove 1999). The biodiversity within these sediments is a result of complex interactions between the underlying environmental conditions (e.g. depth, temperature, organic supply, and granulometry) and the biological interactions operating between organisms (e.g. predation and competition). Not only are sediments important depositories of biodiversity but they are also critical components in many key ecosystem functions. Nowhere is this more apparent than in shallow coastal seas and oceans which, despite covering less than 10% of the earth’s surface, deliver up to 30% of marine production and 90% of marine fisheries (Gattuso et al. 1998). These areas are also the site for 80% of organic matter burial and 90% of sedimentary mineralization and nutrient–sediment biogeochemical processes. They also act as the sink for up to 90% of the suspended load in the world’s rivers and the many associated contaminants this material contains (Gattuso et al. 1998). Human beings depend heavily on the goods and services provided, for free, by the marine realm (Hassan et al. 2005 ) and it is no coincidence that nearly 70% of all humans live within 60 km of the sea or that 75% of all cities with more than 10 million inhabitants are in the coastal zone (Small and Nicholls 2003; McGranahan et al. 2007) Given these facts, it is clear that any broad-scale environmental impact that affects the diversity, structure, and function of sediment ecosystems could have a considerable impact on human health and well-being. It is therefore essential that the impacts of ocean acidification on sediment fauna, and the ecosystem functions they support, are adequately considered. This chapter will first describe the geochemical environment within which sediment organisms live. It will then explore the role that sediment organisms play as ecosystem engineers and how they alter the environment in which they live and the overall biodiversity of sediment communities.

scholarly journals Impacts of urban carbon dioxide emissions on sea-air flux and ocean acidification in nearshore waters

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. e0214403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devon Northcott ◽  
Jeff Sevadjian ◽  
Diego A. Sancho-Gallegos ◽  
Chris Wahl ◽  
Jules Friederich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions

scholarly journals Near-global-scale high-resolution seasonal simulations with WRF-Noah-MP v.3.8.1

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1959-1974
Author(s):  
Thomas Schwitalla ◽  
Kirsten Warrach-Sagi ◽  
Volker Wulfmeyer ◽  
Michael Resch
Keyword(s):  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Teleconnection Pattern ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Precipitation Forecast ◽  
Latitude Belt ◽  
Predictive Skill ◽  
Science Community ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract. The added value of global simulations on the convection-permitting (CP) scale is a subject of extensive research in the earth system science community. An increase in predictive skill can be expected due to advanced representations of feedbacks and teleconnections in the ocean–land–atmosphere system. However, the proof of this hypothesis by corresponding simulations is computationally and scientifically extremely demanding. We present a novel latitude-belt simulation from 57∘ S to 65∘ N using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Noah-MP model system with a grid increment of 0.03∘ over a period of 5 months forced by sea surface temperature observations. In comparison to a latitude-belt simulation with 45 km resolution, at CP resolution the representation of the spatial-temporal scales and the organization of tropical convection are improved considerably. The teleconnection pattern is very close to that of the operational European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) analyses. The CP simulation is associated with an improvement of the precipitation forecast over South America, Africa, and the Indian Ocean and considerably improves the representation of cloud coverage along the tropics. Our results demonstrate a significant added value of future simulations on the CP scale up to the seasonal forecast range.

scholarly journals Ocean acidification needs more publicity as part of a strategy to avoid a global decline in calcifier populations

2017 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 1227-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus R. Westgarth-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Reduce Carbon Dioxide ◽  
The Uk

Ocean acidification (OA) is caused by increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, which dissolves in seawater to produce carbonic acid. This carbonic acid reduces the availability of dissolved aragonite needed for production of some invertebrate exoskeletons with potentially severe consequences for marine calcifier populations. There is a lack of public information on OA with less than 1% of press coverage on OA compared with climate change; OA is not included in UK GCSE and A Level specifications and textbooks; environmental campaigners are much less active in campaigning about OA compared with climate change. As a result of the lack of public awareness OA is rarely discussed in the UK Parliament. Much more public education about OA is needed so that people can respond to the urgent need for technological and lifestyle changes needed to massively reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Vegetation resistance and regeneration potential of Rhizophora, Sonneratia and Avicennia in the Typhoon Haiyan-affected mangroves in the Philippines: Implications on rehabilitation practices

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Carlos ◽  
Rafaela Jane Delfino ◽  
Drandreb Earl Juanico ◽  
Laura David ◽  
Rodel Lasco
Keyword(s):  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Regeneration Potential ◽  
Ecosystem Goods And Services ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystems ◽  
Seedling Growth Rate ◽  
Mangrove Planting

Typhoons cause damage to mangrove ecosystems, hampering their delivery of ecosystem goods and services, including coastal protection. We examined the vegetation resistance (VR) and seedling regeneration potential (SRP) of three mangrove genera: Rhizophora, Sonneratia and Avicennia at the seafront areas. We assessed genus-specific resistance to and recovery from the impacts of Typhoon Haiyan, by far the strongest storm to make landfall in recorded history. VR was estimated using density, tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH). SRP was measured as the post-disturbance seedling growth rate within a given plot.Thirty-six 3m-radii plots were established in the typhoon-affected mangrove areas of Ormoc City and Tacloban City in Leyte; and Quinapondan and General MacArthur in Eastern Samar. Results showed that Avicennia and Sonneratia species yielded the higher average VR values, as compared to Rhizophora,which had the lowest VR across all sites. The different genera could also be arranged from highest to lowest SRP: Avicennia (67.27 ± 2.62 cmyr-1)>Rhizophora (32.46 ± 4.64 cmyr-1). Overall, our findings on the higher relative VR and SRP values of Sonneratia and Avicennia calls for a shift to these species in mangrove planting at the seafront areas, which currently favor Rhizophora.

Ocean acidification has little effect on developmental thermal windows of echinoderms from Antarctica to the tropics

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 657-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam E. Karelitz ◽  
Sven Uthicke ◽  
Shawna A. Foo ◽  
Mike F. Barker ◽  
Maria Byrne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
The Tropics

scholarly journals Decrease in volume and density of foraminiferal shells with progressing ocean acidification

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azumi Kuroyanagi ◽  
Takahiro Irie ◽  
Shunichi Kinoshita ◽  
Hodaka Kawahata ◽  
Atsushi Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Benthic Foraminifera ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Carbonate Production ◽  
Large Benthic Foraminifera ◽  
Seawater Ph ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
Calcification Process ◽  
The Tropics

AbstractRapid increases in anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 partial pressure have led to a decrease in the pH of seawater. Calcifying organisms generally respond negatively to ocean acidification. Foraminifera are one of the major carbonate producers in the ocean; however, whether calcification reduction by ocean acidification affects either foraminiferal shell volume or density, or both, has yet to be investigated. In this study, we cultured asexually reproducing specimens of Amphisorus kudakajimensis, a dinoflagellate endosymbiont-bearing large benthic foraminifera (LBF), under different pH conditions (pH 7.7–8.3, NBS scale). The results suggest that changes in seawater pH would affect not only the quantity (i.e., shell volume) but also the quality (i.e., shell density) of foraminiferal calcification. We proposed that pH and temperature affect these growth parameters differently because (1) they have differences in the contribution to the calcification process (e.g., Ca2+-ATPase and Ω) and (2) pH mainly affects calcification and temperature mainly affects photosynthesis. Our findings also suggest that, under the IPCC RCP8.5 scenario, both ocean acidification and warming will have a significant impact on reef foraminiferal carbonate production by the end of this century, even in the tropics.

scholarly journals Perturbation experiments to investigate the impact of ocean acidification: approaches and software tools

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 4413-4439 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-P. Gattuso ◽  
H. Lavigne
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Software Package ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
R Software ◽  
Seawater Chemistry ◽  
Seawater Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Gas Bubbling ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Although future changes in the seawater carbonate chemistry are well constrained, their impact on marine organisms and ecosystems remains poorly known. The biological response to ocean acidification is a recent field of research as most purposeful experiments have only been carried out in the late 1990s. The potentially dire consequences of ocean acidification attract scientists and students with a limited knowledge of the carbonate chemistry and its experimental manipulation. Hence, some guidelines on carbonate chemistry manipulations may be helpful for the growing ocean acidification community to maintain comparability. Perturbation experiments are one of the key approaches used to investigate the biological response to elevated pCO2. They are based on measurements of physiological or metabolic processes in organisms and communities exposed to seawater with normal or altered carbonate chemistry. Seawater chemistry can be manipulated in different ways depending on the facilities available and on the question being addressed. The goal of this paper is (1) to examine the benefits and drawbacks of various manipulation techniques and (2) to describe a new version of the R software package seacarb which includes new functions aimed at assisting the design of ocean acidification perturbation experiments. Three approaches closely mimic the on-going and future changes in the seawater carbonate chemistry: gas bubbling, addition of high-CO2 seawater as well as combined additions of acid and bicarbonate and/or carbonate.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 on SMEs and the Role of Digitalization

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Ileana Hamburg
Keyword(s):  
Lifelong Learning ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Skill Gaps ◽  
National Economies ◽  
The Impact

Small and medium sized companies (SMEs) should be drivers for national economies, also providing opportunities for socio-economic participation and mobility. But SMEs, more than bigger companies, have experienced difficulties during Covid-19 due to less customer demand for goods and services, limited resources and problems with digitalization. All these facts require rapid change in SME strategies. Based on literature research and on work with SMEs undertaken by the author during European projects, the goal of this communication paper is to illustrate some difficulties experienced by SMEs due to COVID-19 and problems they have with digitalization and skill gaps, as well as measures which could help them. First, the impact of Covid-19 on SMEs and the role of digitalization in their recovery and further developments are presented. Second, certain structures required within SMEs and necessary skills and competences are described in this context. Proposals are then made for reskilling processes within workplace learning and other learning approaches to improve the skills and competences necessary for SME recovery processes. Lifelong learning (LLL) plays an important role in addressing the skills gap between what students have traditionally learned in formal education and the needs of employers and the labor market. LLL should be more connected with other forms of training/learning, digitally supported, interdisciplinary and practically oriented in order to contribute towards achieving the new skills and competences necessary during and after the COVID-19 pandemic and to promote digitalization as a driver to success. The paper also presents examples of the work of the Study Group Lifelong Learning of the IAT, coordinated by the author, and conclusions.

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