scholarly journals Decrease in volume and density of foraminiferal shells with progressing ocean acidification

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azumi Kuroyanagi ◽  
Takahiro Irie ◽  
Shunichi Kinoshita ◽  
Hodaka Kawahata ◽  
Atsushi Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Benthic Foraminifera ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Carbonate Production ◽  
Large Benthic Foraminifera ◽  
Seawater Ph ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
Calcification Process ◽  
The Tropics

AbstractRapid increases in anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 partial pressure have led to a decrease in the pH of seawater. Calcifying organisms generally respond negatively to ocean acidification. Foraminifera are one of the major carbonate producers in the ocean; however, whether calcification reduction by ocean acidification affects either foraminiferal shell volume or density, or both, has yet to be investigated. In this study, we cultured asexually reproducing specimens of Amphisorus kudakajimensis, a dinoflagellate endosymbiont-bearing large benthic foraminifera (LBF), under different pH conditions (pH 7.7–8.3, NBS scale). The results suggest that changes in seawater pH would affect not only the quantity (i.e., shell volume) but also the quality (i.e., shell density) of foraminiferal calcification. We proposed that pH and temperature affect these growth parameters differently because (1) they have differences in the contribution to the calcification process (e.g., Ca2+-ATPase and Ω) and (2) pH mainly affects calcification and temperature mainly affects photosynthesis. Our findings also suggest that, under the IPCC RCP8.5 scenario, both ocean acidification and warming will have a significant impact on reef foraminiferal carbonate production by the end of this century, even in the tropics.

scholarly journals Ocean acidification induces biochemical and morphological changes in the calcification process of large benthic foraminifera

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1803) ◽  
pp. 20142782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Prazeres ◽  
Sven Uthicke ◽  
John M. Pandolfi
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Benthic Foraminifera ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Skeletal Density ◽  
Buoyant Weight ◽  
Large Benthic Foraminifera ◽  
Sediment Formation ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
Main Factor

Large benthic foraminifera are significant contributors to sediment formation on coral reefs, yet they are vulnerable to ocean acidification. Here, we assessed the biochemical and morphological impacts of acidification on the calcification of Amphistegina lessonii and Marginopora vertebralis exposed to different pH conditions. We measured growth rates (surface area and buoyant weight) and Ca-ATPase and Mg-ATPase activities and calculated shell density using micro-computer tomography images. In A. lessonii , we detected a significant decrease in buoyant weight, a reduction in the density of inner skeletal chambers, and an increase of Ca-ATPase and Mg-ATPase activities at pH 7.6 when compared with ambient conditions of pH 8.1. By contrast, M. vertebralis showed an inhibition in Mg-ATPase activity under lowered pH, with growth rate and skeletal density remaining constant. While M. vertebralis is considered to be more sensitive than A. lessonii owing to its high-Mg-calcite skeleton, it appears to be less affected by changes in pH, based on the parameters assessed in this study. We suggest difference in biochemical pathways of calcification as the main factor influencing response to changes in pH levels, and that A. lessonii and M. vertebralis have the ability to regulate biochemical functions to cope with short-term increases in acidity.

scholarly journals Response of large benthic foraminifera to climate and local changes: Implications for future carbonate production

Sedimentology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gita R. Narayan ◽  
Claire E. Reymond ◽  
Marleen Stuhr ◽  
Steve Doo ◽  
Christiane Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Foraminifera ◽  
Carbonate Production ◽  
Large Benthic Foraminifera

scholarly journals No ocean acidification effects on shell growth and repair in the New Zealand brachiopod Calloria inconspicua (Sowerby, 1846)

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 920-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma L. Cross ◽  
Lloyd S. Peck ◽  
Miles D. Lamare ◽  
Elizabeth M. Harper
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Shell Growth ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Carbonate Ions ◽  
Shell Repair ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
Calcification Process ◽  
Shell Production

Abstract Surface seawaters are becoming more acidic due to the absorption of rising anthropogenic CO2. Marine calcifiers are considered to be the most vulnerable organisms to ocean acidification due to the reduction in the availability of carbonate ions for shell or skeletal production. Rhychonelliform brachiopods are potentially one of the most calcium carbonate-dependent groups of marine organisms because of their large skeletal content. Little is known, however, about the effects of lowered pH on these taxa. A CO2 perturbation experiment was performed on the New Zealand terebratulide brachiopod Calloria inconspicua to investigate the effects of pH conditions predicted for 2050 and 2100 on the growth rate and ability to repair shell. Three treatments were used: an ambient pH control (pH 8.16), a mid-century scenario (pH 7.79), and an end-century scenario (pH 7.62). The ability to repair shell was not affected by acidified conditions with >80% of all damaged individuals at the start of the experiment completing shell repair after 12 weeks. Growth rates in undamaged individuals >3 mm in length were also not affected by lowered pH conditions, whereas undamaged individuals <3 mm grew faster at pH 7.62 than the control. The capability of C. inconspicua to continue shell production and repair under acidified conditions suggests that this species has a robust control over the calcification process, where suitable conditions at the site of calcification can be generated across a range of pH conditions.

scholarly journals Ocean acidification during the early Toarcian extinction event: Evidence from boron isotopes in brachiopods

Geology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1184-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamás Müller ◽  
Hana Jurikova ◽  
Marcus Gutjahr ◽  
Adam Tomašových ◽  
Jan Schlögl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
First Record ◽  
Large Igneous Province ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Carbonate Production ◽  
Oceanic Anoxic Event ◽  
Carbon Burial ◽  
Seawater Ph ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Organic Carbon Burial

Abstract The loss of carbonate production during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE, ca. 183 Ma) is hypothesized to have been at least partly triggered by ocean acidification linked to magmatism from the Karoo-Ferrar large igneous province (southern Africa and Antarctica). However, the dynamics of acidification have never been directly quantified across the T-OAE. Here, we present the first record of temporal evolution of seawater pH spanning the late Pliensbachian and early Toarcian from the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal) reconstructed on the basis of boron isotopic composition (δ11B) of brachiopod shells. δ11B declines by ∼1‰ across the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary (Pl-To) and attains the lowest values (∼12.5‰) just prior to and within the T-OAE, followed by fluctuations and a moderately increasing trend afterwards. The decline in δ11B coincides with decreasing bulk CaCO3 content, in parallel with the two-phase decline in carbonate production observed at global scales and with changes in pCO2 derived from stomatal indices. Seawater pH had declined significantly already prior to the T-OAE, probably due to the repeated emissions of volcanogenic CO2. During the earliest phase of the T-OAE, pH increased for a short period, likely due to intensified continental weathering and organic carbon burial, resulting in atmospheric CO2 drawdown. Subsequently, pH dropped again, reaching the minimum in the middle of the T-OAE. The early Toarcian marine extinction and carbonate collapse were thus driven, in part, by ocean acidification, similar to other Phanerozoic events caused by major CO2 emissions and warming.

scholarly journals Impact of carbonate saturation on large Caribbean benthic foraminifera assemblages

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (22) ◽  
pp. 6819-6832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Martinez ◽  
Laura Hernández-Terrones ◽  
Mario Rebolledo-Vieyra ◽  
Adina Paytan
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Benthic Foraminifera ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Submarine Springs ◽  
Large Benthic Foraminifera ◽  
Carbonate Ion ◽  
Calcite Saturation ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract. Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and its dissolution in seawater have reduced ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations, with potential implications on calcifying organisms. To assess the response of large Caribbean benthic foraminifera to low carbonate saturation conditions, we analyzed benthic foraminifers' abundance and relative distribution in surface sediments in proximity to low-carbonate-saturation submarine springs and at adjacent control sites. Our results show that the total abundance of large benthic foraminifera was significantly lower at the low-pH submarine springs than at control sites, although responses were species specific. The relative abundance of high-magnesium, porcelaneous foraminifera was higher than that of hyaline foraminifera at the low-pH springs due to the abundant Archaias angulatus, a chlorophyte-bearing foraminifer, which secretes a large and robust test that is more resilient to dissolution at low-calcite saturation. The different assemblages found at the submarine springs indicate that calcareous symbiont-barren foraminifera are more sensitive to the effects of ocean acidification than agglutinated and symbiont-bearing foraminifera, suggesting that future ocean acidification will likely impact natural benthic foraminifera populations.

scholarly journals Carbonic anhydrase is involved in benthic foraminiferal calcification

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siham de Goeyse ◽  
Alice E. Webb ◽  
Gert-Jan Reichart ◽  
Lennart J. de Nooijer
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Global Carbon Cycle ◽  
Carbonate Production ◽  
Large Benthic Foraminifera ◽  
Incubation Experiments ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Calcification Process ◽  
Global Carbon ◽  
Inorganic Carbon Uptake

Abstract. Marine calcification is an important component of the global carbon cycle. The mechanism by which some organisms take up inorganic carbon for the production of their shells or skeletons, however, remains only partly known. Although foraminifera are responsible for a large part of the global calcium carbonate production, the process by which they concentrate inorganic carbon is debated. Some evidence suggests that seawater is taken up and participates relatively unaltered in the process of calcification, whereas other results suggest the involvement of transmembrane transport and the activity of enzymes like carbonic anhydrase. Here, we tested whether inorganic carbon uptake relies on the activity of carbonic anhydrase using incubation experiments with the large benthic, symbiont-bearing foraminifer Amphistegina lessonii. Calcification rates, determined by the alkalinity anomaly method, showed that inhibition of carbonic anhydrase by acetazolamide (AZ) stopped most of the calcification process. Inhibition of photosynthesis by either 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) or by incubating the foraminifera in the dark, also decreased calcification rates, but to a lesser degree than with AZ. Results from this study show that carbonic anhydrase plays a key role in biomineralization of Amphistegina lessonii and indicates that calcification of those large benthic foraminifera might, to a certain extent, benefit from ocean acidification.

scholarly journals Coral resistance to ocean acidification linked to increased calcium at the site of calcification

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1878) ◽  
pp. 20180564 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. DeCarlo ◽  
S. Comeau ◽  
C. E. Cornwall ◽  
M. T. McCulloch
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Pocillopora Damicornis ◽  
Seawater Ph ◽  
Ph Conditions

Ocean acidification threatens the persistence of biogenic calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) production on coral reefs. However, some coral genera show resistance to declines in seawater pH, potentially achieved by modulating the chemistry of the fluid where calcification occurs. We use two novel geochemical techniques based on boron systematics and Raman spectroscopy, which together provide the first constraints on the sensitivity of coral calcifying fluid calcium concentrations ( ) to changing seawater pH. In response to simulated end-of-century pH conditions, Pocillopora damicornis increased to as much as 25% above that of seawater and maintained constant calcification rates. Conversely, Acropora youngei displayed less control over , and its calcification rates strongly declined at lower seawater pH. Although the role of in driving calcification has often been neglected, increasing may be a key mechanism enabling more resistant corals to cope with ocean acidification and continue to build CaCO 3 skeletons in a high-CO 2 world.

scholarly journals Dynamic response in the larval geoduck clam proteome to elevated pCO2

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Timmins-Schiffman ◽  
José M. Guzmán ◽  
Rhonda Elliott ◽  
Brent Vadopalas ◽  
Steven B. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Molecular Physiology ◽  
Proteomics Analysis ◽  
Bivalve Larvae ◽  
Energetic Stress ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Aquaculture Industry ◽  
Ph Conditions

AbstractPacific geoduck clams (Panopea generosa) are found along the Northeast Pacific coast where they are significant components of coastal and estuarine ecosystems and the basis of a growing and highly profitable aquaculture industry. The Pacific coastline, however, is also the sight of rapidly changing ocean habitat, including significant reductions in pH. The impacts of ocean acidification on invertebrate bivalve larvae have been widely documented and it is well established that many species experience growth and developmental deficiencies when exposed to low pH. As a native of environments that have historically lower pH than the open ocean, it is possible that geoduck larvae are less impacted by these effects than other species. Over two weeks in larval development (days 6-19 post-fertilization) geoduck larvae were reared at pH 7.5 or 7.1 in a commercial shellfish hatchery. Larvae were sampled at six time points throughout the period for a in-depth proteomics analysis of developmental molecular physiology. Larvae reared at low pH were smaller than those reared at ambient pH, especially in the prodissoconch II phase of development. Competency for settlement was also delayed in larvae from the low pH conditions. A comparison of proteomic profiles over the course of development reveal that these differing phenotypic outcomes are likely due to environmental disruptions to the timing of molecular physiological events as suites of proteins showed differing profiles of abundance between the two pH environments. Ocean acidification likely caused an energetic stress on the larvae at pH 7.1, causing a shift in physiological prioritization with resulting loss of fitness.

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