scholarly journals Global warming and plant–pollinator mismatches

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxence Gérard ◽  
Maryse Vanderplanck ◽  
Thomas Wood ◽  
Denis Michez
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Biological Networks ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Host Attraction ◽  
Generalist Species ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Phenological Shifts ◽  
Community Assemblages ◽  
Plant Pollinator

The mutualism between plants and their pollinators provides globally important ecosystem services, but it is likely to be disrupted by global warming that can cause mismatches between both halves of this interaction. In this review, we summarise the available evidence on (i) spatial or (ii) phenological shifts of one or both of the actors of this mutualism. While the occurrence of future spatial mismatches is predominantly theoretical and based on predictive models, there is growing empirical evidence of phenological mismatches occurring at the present day. Mismatches may also occur when pollinators and their host plants are still found together. These mismatches can arise due to (iii) morphological modifications and (iv) disruptions to host attraction and foraging behaviours, and it is expected that these mismatches will lead to novel community assemblages. Overall plant–pollinator interactions seem to be resilient biological networks, particularly because generalist species can buffer these changes due to their plastic behaviour. However, we currently lack information on where and why spatial mismatches do occur and how they impact the fitness of plants and pollinators, in order to fully assess if adaptive evolutionary changes can keep pace with global warming predictions.

scholarly journals Metabolic plasticity can amplify ecosystem responses to global warming

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Kordas ◽  
Samraat Pawar ◽  
Guy Woodward ◽  
Eoin O'Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ecosystem Responses ◽  
Metabolic Plasticity ◽  
Ecosystem Level

Abstract Organisms have the capacity to alter their physiological response to warming through acclimation or adaptation, but empirical evidence for this metabolic plasticity across species within food webs is lacking, and a generalisable framework does not exist for modelling its ecosystem-level consequences. Here we show that the ability of organisms to raise their metabolic rate following chronic exposure to warming decreases with increasing body size. Chronic exposure to higher temperatures also increases the sensitivity of organisms to short-term warming, irrespective of their body size. A mathematical model parameterised with these findings shows that metabolic plasticity could account for an additional 60% of ecosystem energy flux with just +2 °C of warming. This could explain why ecosystem respiration continues to rise in long-term warming experiments and highlights the need to embed metabolic plasticity in predictive models of global warming impacts on ecosystems.

scholarly journals Bioecology of Anastrepha alveata Stone (Diptera: Tephritidae) associated with wild plum fruits Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1025-1030
Author(s):  
Almerinda Amélia Rodrigues Araújo ◽  
Raimunda Nonata Santos Lemos ◽  
José Ribamar Gusmão Araújo ◽  
Paulo Roberto Ramalho Silva ◽  
Solange Maria França ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Food Habit ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Generalist Species ◽  
Ximenia Americana ◽  
Rational Control ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Number Of Males

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are considered important pests of fruticulture due to considerable losses to production and limitation to free transit of fresh fruits. A generalist species is cresature that can live or feed on a wide variety of environemnts or host plants. Although, Anastrepha is a generalist species but infests a small range of plants. The specificity of this species with host plants is a peculiar characteristic of genus Anastrepha. Therefore, it is important to understand the host species and its feeding behaviour on host plants. This way, we will better know its ecology, biology and evolution for rational control ways and measures. Therefore, this study aimed at understanding the biology of Anastrepha alveata Stone (Diptera: Tephritidae). A study was carried out under controlled laboratory conditions (27 ± 2°C temperature, 70 ± 5% RH, photoperiod 12 hours) during the period from November/2015 to October/2017. Anastrepha alveata adults were obtained from wild plum fruits Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae), collected from Savanna area in two fructification periods. One-hundred and fifty Anastrepha alveata adults were collected (60 females and 90 males) to determine sexual maturity, mating behavior, fecundity and longevity. The sexual maturity for Anastrepha alveata was 8-13 days after emergence for females. At this age they emitted signal of acceptance for mating and copulation. For males, 5-7 days after emergence this mating signals was given, which was characterized by the protrusion of the lateral abdominal pleural glands. The mating rhythm of Anastrepha alveata was crepuscular/nocturnal, beginning around 6 p.m. and extending to/after 9 p.m. Anastrepha alveata females did not mate with more than one male but mated more than once. The number of males did not affect significantly the mating time, the number of eggs and the longevity of Anastrepha alveata. The mean pupal period for Anastrepha alveata was 17.5 days. Two preferential peaks for adult emergence were observed at 10:00 am and 03:00 pm. The longevity of the adult insects was greater than 300 days, surviving until the fructification of its host (wild plum) in the following year. Therefore, A. alveata has a strictly monophagous food habit associated with the Ximenia americana host.

scholarly journals Learning may help pollinators find their host plants in polluted landscapes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynn Cook ◽  
Alexander Haverkamp ◽  
Bill S. Hansson ◽  
T’ai Roulston ◽  
Manuel Lerdau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Nicotiana Alata ◽  
Elevated Ozone ◽  
Pollinating Insects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Plant Pollinator ◽  
Ozone Levels

AbstractPollination strongly contributes to food production, and often relies on pollinating insects. However, atmospheric pollution may interfere with pollination by disrupting floral plumes that pollinators use to navigate to flowers.In this study, we examine the impacts of pollution-induced elevated ozone levels on the composition of a floral blend of Nicotiana alata and examine the response of innate and trained Manduca sexta to the ozone-altered blend.Ozone exposure altered the floral blend of N. alata, and disrupted the innate attraction of naïve M. sexta to the altered blend. However, associative learning can offset this disruption in attraction. Moths that were enticed with visual cues to an artificial flower emitting an ozonated blend learned to associate this blend with a nectar reward after just one rewarded experience. More importantly, moths that were rewarded while experiencing the unozonated floral blend of their host subsequently found the ozonated floral blend of the same host attractive, most likely due to experience-based reinforcement of ozone-insensitive cues in the blend.The attraction of moths to both unaltered and ozonated plumes is critical for tolerating polluted landscapes. At the host plant, where moths feed, floral emissions are relatively pure. As floral odors travel away from the host, however, they become degraded by pollution. Therefore, targeting the flower requires recognizing both conditions of the odor. The ability to generalize between the pure and ozone-altered scents may enable pollinators like M. sexta to maintain communication with their flowers and reduce the impact anthropogenic oxidants may have on plant-pollinator systems.

scholarly journals Nectar as manipulator: how nectar traits influence changes in pollinator groups of Aechmea vanhoutteana, a bromeliad from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

2019 ◽  
Vol 192 (4) ◽  
pp. 803-815
Author(s):  
Vivian Zambon ◽  
Kayna Agostini ◽  
Massimo Nepi ◽  
Mônica Lanzoni Rossi ◽  
Adriana Pinheiro Martinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Strategy ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Generalist Species ◽  
Nectar Volume ◽  
Plant Resource ◽  
Floral Resource ◽  
Plant Pollinator ◽  
Production Dynamics

Abstract Nectar is an important floral resource in the establishment of plant-pollinator interactions. Recent studies have shown that nectariferous tissues are independent of the ABC model of floral development and that ecological interactions can modify their expression. In this sense, it would be interesting to study generalist species in relation to nectar production and nectary morpho-anatomy to verify the strategies used to attract different pollinator groups. We recorded nectar production dynamics in Aechmea vanhoutteana (Bromeliaceae) from a morpho-functional and ultrastructural perspective. We observed different species of hummingbirds, bees and butterflies visiting flowers of A.vanhoutteana, and their frequency varied throughout floral anthesis. The nectar volume and quantity of sugar also varied significantly during anthesis, and this spatial and temporal variability seems to be related to an increase in bee visits, representing an important aspect of the reproductive strategy of this species, since bees can fly longer distances than the observed hummingbirds (although both have territorial behaviours). Thus, it can be suggested that anatomical and physiological nectar traits may be related to pollen flow, an important aspect of the reproductive strategy of A. vanhoutteana, suggesting plant resource allocation for optimizing reproduction through nectar production.

Global warming and the disruption of plant?pollinator interactions

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 710-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Memmott ◽  
Paul G. Craze ◽  
Nickolas M. Waser ◽  
Mary V. Price
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Plant Pollinator

scholarly journals Assessing the Role of Developmental and Environmental Factors in Chemical Defence Variation in Heliconiini Butterflies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ombeline Sculfort ◽  
Melanie McClure ◽  
Bastien Nay ◽  
Marianne Elias ◽  
Violaine Llaurens
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Chemical Defence ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Generalist Species ◽  
Chemical Defences ◽  
Larval Host ◽  
In Captivity

AbstractChemical defences in animals are both incredibly widespread and highly diverse. Yet despite the important role they play in mediating interactions between predators and prey, extensive differences in the amounts and types of chemical compounds can exist between individuals, even within species and populations. Here we investigate the potential role of environment and development on the chemical defences of warningly coloured butterfly species from the tribe Heliconiini, which can both synthesize and sequester cyanogenic glycosides (CGs). We reared 5 Heliconiini species in captivity, each on a single species-specific host plant as larvae, and compared them to individuals collected in the wild to ascertain whether the variation in CG content observed in the field might be the result of differences in host plant availability. Three of these species were reared as larvae on the same host plant, Passiflora riparia, to further test how species, sex, and age affected the type and amount of different defensive CGs, and how they affected the ratio of synthesized to sequestered compounds. Then, focusing on the generalist species Heliconius numata, we specifically explored variation in chemical profiles as a result of the host plant consumed by caterpillars and their brood line, using rearing experiments carried out on two naturally co-occurring host plants with differing CG profiles. Our results show significant differences in both the amount of synthesized and sequestered compounds between butterflies reared in captivity and those collected in the field. We also found a significant effect of species and an effect of sex in some, but not all, species. We show that chemical defences in H. numata continue to increase throughout their life, likely because of continued biosynthesis, and we suggest that variation in the amount of synthesized CGs in this species does not appear to stem from larval host plants, although this warrants further study. Interestingly, we detected a significant effect of brood lines, consistent with heritability influencing CG concentrations in H. numata. Altogether, our results point to multiple factors resulting in chemical defence variation in Heliconiini butterflies and highlight the overlooked effect of synthesis capabilities, which may be genetically determined to some extent.

scholarly journals Variation in Plant–Pollinator Network Structure along the Elevational Gradient of the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1060
Author(s):  
Paige R. Chesshire ◽  
Lindsie M. McCabe ◽  
Neil S. Cobb
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Ecological Change ◽  
Generalist Species ◽  
Northern Arizona ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
San Francisco Peaks ◽  
The Face ◽  
Plant Pollinator

The structural patterns comprising bimodal pollination networks can help characterize plant–pollinator systems and the interactions that influence species distribution and diversity over time and space. We compare network organization of three plant–pollinator communities along the altitudinal gradient of the San Francisco Peaks in northern Arizona. We found that pollination networks become more nested, as well as exhibit lower overall network specialization, with increasing elevation. Greater weight of generalist pollinators at higher elevations of the San Francisco Peaks may result in plant–pollinator communities less vulnerable to future species loss due to changing climate or shifts in species distribution. We uncover the critical, more generalized pollinator species likely responsible for higher nestedness and stability at the higher elevation environment. The generalist species most important for network stability may be of the greatest interest for conservation efforts; preservation of the most important links in plant–pollinator networks may help secure the more specialized pollinators and maintain species redundancy in the face of ecological change, such as changing climate.

scholarly journals Phenological shifts drive biodiversity loss in plant–pollinator networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Franco-Cisterna ◽  
Rodrigo Ramos-Jiliberto ◽  
Pablo Moisset de Espanés ◽  
Diego P. Vázquez
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Community Stability ◽  
Species Persistence ◽  
Interacting Species ◽  
Phenological Mismatch ◽  
Phenological Shifts ◽  
Plant Pollinator

AbstractPlant–pollinator interactions are key for ecosystem maintenance and world crop production, and their occurrence depends on the synchronization of life-cycle events among interacting species. Phenological shifts observed for plant and pollinator species increase the risk of phenological mismatches, threatening community stability. However, the magnitudes and directions of phenological shifts present a high variability, both among communities and among species of the same community. Community–wide consequences of these different responses have not been explored. Additionally, variability in phenological and topological traits of species can affect their persistence probability under phenological changes. We explored the consequences of several scenarios of plant–pollinator phenological mismatches for community stability. We also assessed whether species attributes can predict species persistence under phenological mismatch. To this end, we used a dynamic model for plant–pollinator networks. The model incorporates active and latent life-cycle states of species and phenological dynamics regulating life-cycle transitions. Interaction structure and species phenologies were extracted from eight empirical plant–pollinator networks sampled at three locations during different periods. We found that for all networks and all scenarios, species persistence decreased with increasing magnitude of the phenological shift, for both advancements and delays in flowering phenologies. Changes in persistence depended on the scenario and the network being tested. However, all networks exhibited the lowest species persistence when the mean of the expected shift was equivalent to its standard deviation and this shift was greater than two weeks. Conversely, the highest species persistences occurred when earlier-flowering plants exhibited stronger shifts. Phenophase duration was the most important attribute as a driver of plant persistence. For pollinator persistence, species degree was the most important attribute, followed by phenophase duration. Our findings highlight the importance of phenologies on the stability and robustness of mutualistic networks.Author summaryPlant-pollinator interactions involve a great number of species and are essential for the functioning of natural and agricultural systems. These interactions are facing a great number of threats. In both plants and pollinators, life-cycle events including flowering and adult emergence are triggered by environmental cues such as temperature and snowmelt. Climate change has the potential to alter the timing of these events. These phenological shifts generate mismatches in the timing of interacting species. Thus, plants and their pollinators may not match in time and/or space, leaving flowers unpollinated and disrupting pollinator feeding. Given that natural communities are composed of multiple species interacting in complex ways, experimentally assessing the effects of this kind of perturbation is difficult. To tackle this challenge, we simulated different scenarios of phenological shifts for several empirical communities. Our results indicate that strong shifts in the timing of life-cycle events may represent a greater risk of community collapse. Likewise, plants with short blooming periods and pollinators with short activity periods or high specialization face a greater risk of extinction.

scholarly journals Patterns of flower-visiting insects depend on flowering phenological shifts along an altitudinal gradient in subalpine moorland ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natsuki Matsubara ◽  
Akihito Goto ◽  
Kei Uchida ◽  
Takehiro Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Mass Flowering ◽  
Drosera Rotundifolia ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
Phenological Shifts ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Plant Pollinator

Abstract Alpine and subalpine moorland ecosystems contain unique plant communities, often with many endemic and threatened species, some of which depend on insect pollination. Although alpine and subalpine moorland ecosystems are vulnerable to climatic change, few studies have investigated flower-visiting insects in such ecosystems and examined the factors regulating plant-pollinator interactions along altitudinal gradients. Here, we explored how altitudinal patterns in flower visitors change according to altitudinal shifts in flowering phenology in subalpine moorland ecosystems in northern Japan. We surveyed flower-visiting insects and flowering plants at five sites differing in altitude in early July (soon after snowmelt) and mid-August (peak growing season). In July, we found a higher visiting frequency by more variable insect orders including Dipteran, Hymenopteran, Coleopteran, and Lepidopteran species at the higher altitude sites in association with the mass flowering of Geum pentapetalum and Nephrophyllidium crista-galli. In August, such altitudinal patterns were not observed, and Dipteran species dominated across the sites due to the flowering of Narthecium asiaticum and Drosera rotundifolia. Earlier snowmelt associated with recent climate change is expected to extend the growth period of moorland plants and modify flowering phenology in moorland ecosystems, leading to altered plant-pollinator interactions. Our study provides key baselines for the detection of endangered biotic interactions and extinction risks of moorland plants under ongoing climate change.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document