Effect of Color on Developmental Picture-Vocabulary Naming of 4-, 6-, and 8-Year-Old Children

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 310-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene M. Barrow ◽  
Donald Holbert ◽  
Michael P. Rastatter
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Data ◽  
Time Data ◽  
White Line ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Developmental Age ◽  
Accuracy Rates ◽  
Accuracy Data

This study examined the effect of color on the naming process in children for pictures of increasing vocabulary difficulty levels. Picture-naming reaction times and accuracy rates were measured for both black and white line drawings and color drawings in 30 normally developing children, ages 4, 6, and 8 years, via a tachistoscopic viewing paradigm. Statistical analysis of reaction time data revealed that color affected speed of naming only when the vocabulary level of the picture was within the developmental range of the child. That is, for vocabulary within an emerging period for the child, colored drawings were named significantly faster than black and white line drawings. However, color did not significantly influence speed of naming for pictures either for vocabulary well established in the child’s lexicon or for vocabulary above the child’s developmental age. Statistical analysis of accuracy data revealed significant color by vocabulary interactions. Specifically, when the vocabulary level of the pictures exceeded chronological age level, children named color drawings with significantly higher accuracy rates than black and white line drawings.

Modeling Within-Person Variance in Reaction Time Data of Older Adults

GeroPsych ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Rast ◽  
Daniel Zimprich
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Reaction Time Data ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Time Task ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Second Wave

In order to model within-person (WP) variance in a reaction time task, we applied a mixed location scale model using 335 participants from the second wave of the Zurich Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Aging. The age of the respondents and the performance in another reaction time task were used to explain individual differences in the WP variance. To account for larger variances due to slower reaction times, we also used the average of the predicted individual reaction time (RT) as a predictor for the WP variability. Here, the WP variability was a function of the mean. At the same time, older participants were more variable and those with better performance in another RT task were more consistent in their responses.

Reaction times and burning rates for wind tunnel headfires

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph M. Nelson, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Wildland Fire ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Data ◽  
Combustion Regime ◽  
Fuel Particle ◽  
Time Data

Catchpole et al. (1998) reported rates of spread for 357 heading and no-wind fires burned in the wind tunnel facility of the USDA Forest Service's Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula, Montana for the purpose of developing models of wildland fire behavior. The fires were burned in horizontal fuel beds with differing characteristics due to various combinations of fuel type, particle size, packing ratio, bed depth, moisture content, and wind speed. In the present paper, fuel particle and fuel bed data for 260 heading fires from that study (plus as-yet unreported combustion efficiency and reaction time data) are used to develop models for predicting fuel bed reaction time and mass loss rate. Reaction time is computed from the flameout time of a single particle and fuel bed structural properties. It is assumed that the beds burn in a combustion regime controlled by the rate at which air mixes with volatiles produced during pyrolysis, and that not all air entering the fuel bed reaction zone participates in combustion. Comparison of reaction time and burning rate predictions with experimental values is encouraging in view of the simplified modeling approach and uncertainties associated with the experimental measurements.

scholarly journals Insect Management in Your Florida Lawn

EDIS ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen A. Buss ◽  
J. Bryan Unruh
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
White Line ◽  
Insect Management ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Cycle Monitoring ◽  
And Control

Revised! Circular 427, a 12-page illustrated circular by Eileen A. Buss and J. Bryan Unruh, covers all aspects of insect management for Florida homeowners: monitoring, cultural practices, notes on control, precautions, and descriptions of several destructive lawn pests with information about life cycle, monitoring, damage and control for each. This version is enhanced and updated throughout, with color illustrations replacing the black-and-white line drawings of earlier versions. This publication corresponds to pages 120-130 in the Pest Management chapter of the Florida Lawn Handbook, 3rd edition. Published by the UF Department of Environmental Horticulture, August 2006.

Relation between Reaction Time and Loudness

1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry E. Humes ◽  
Jayne B. Ahlstrom
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Growth Function ◽  
Reaction Time Data ◽  
Intensity Function ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Loudness Growth

The loudness of one-third octave bands of noise centered at either 1, 2, or 4 kHz was measured in 10 normal-hearing young adults for sound levels of 50–90 dB SPL. Reaction times (RT) in response to these same stimuli were also measured in the same subjects. A moderate-to-strong correspondence was observed between the slopes for functions depicting the growth of loudness with sound level and comparable slopes for the reaction-time data. The correlation between slopes for the RT-intensity function and the loudness-growth function was comparable in magnitude to the test,retest correlation for the loudness-growth function except at 1 kHz.

Investigating the role of attentional disengagement bias in the tendency, ability and persistence of worry

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 169-169
Author(s):  
D. Nelson ◽  
M. Lopian ◽  
N. Bratt
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Data ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Attentional Disengagement ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Negative Thought ◽  
Penn State ◽  
State Worry

IntroductionIndividuals with Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) have an attentional bias towards threatening information. It is not known whether this results from facilitated engagement (faster orientation) or delayed disengagement (shifting attention away) from threat. Recent research has developed a new methodology designed to modify attentional disengagement from threat.ObjectivesUsing this paradigm, the present study assessed the causal role of attentional disengagement from threat and its impact on worry.MethodTwenty-four university students scoring below 56 on the Penn-State-Worry-Questionnaire were randomly assigned to either threat disengagement training, or non-threat disengagement training. Training was assessed using threat and non-threat test-trials. All participants then completed a novel worry task, assessing tendency, ability and persistency of worry. The hypothesis was that training to disengage from threat rather than non-threat stimuli would affect tendency, ability or persistence of worry.ResultsAccuracy and test-trial reaction-time data indicated disengagement training was successful; compared to the non-threat disengagement group, the threat disengagement group had faster reaction-times for non-threat valence test-trials, experienced marginally non-significantly more negative intrusions during active worry, and found it significantly more difficult to worry, when required to engage solely with worry without interruption in the worry task.ConclusionIt is possible to manipulate attentional bias to disengage from threat information, leading to fewer negative thought intrusions during active worry and increased difficulty in engaging solely with worry, thus suggesting that impaired disengagement has a causal role in the ability to worry.

Age, Familiarity, and Visual Processing Schemes

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 591-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane T. De Haven ◽  
Cynthia Roberts-Gray
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Partial Report ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Perceptual Process ◽  
White Line ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Full Color

In a partial-report task adults and 5-yr.-old children identified stimuli of two types (common objects and familiar common objects) in two representations (black-and-white line drawings or full color photographs). It was hypothesized that familiar items and photographic representation would enhance the children's accuracy. Although both children and adults were more accurate when the stimuli were from the familiar set, children performed poorly in all stimulus conditions. Results suggest that the age difference in this task reflects the “concrete” nature of the perceptual process in children.

Response to Simulated Traffic Signals Using Light-Emitting Diode and Incandescent Sources

2000 ◽  
Vol 1724 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Bullough ◽  
Peter R. Boyce ◽  
Andrew Bierman ◽  
Kathryn M. Conway ◽  
Kun Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Data ◽  
Traffic Signals ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Color Identification ◽  
Mean Reaction Time

Simulated light-emitting diode (LED) traffic signals of different luminances were evaluated relative to incandescent signals of the same nominal color and at the luminances required by the specifications of the Institute of Transportation Engineers. Measurements were made of the reaction times to onset and the number of missed signals for red, yellow, and green incandescent and LED signals. Measurements also were made of subjects’ ability to correctly identify signal colors and of their subjective brightness and conspicuity ratings. All measurements were made under simulated daytime conditions. There were no significant differences in mean reaction time, percentage of missed signals, color identification, or subjective brightness and conspicuity ratings between simulated incandescent and LED signals of the same nominal color and luminance. Higher luminances were needed for the yellow and green signal colors to ensure that they produced the same reaction time, the same percentage of missed signals, and the same rated brightness and conspicuity as a red signal at a given luminance. Equations fitted to the reaction time data, the missed signals data, and the brightness and conspicuity ratings for the LED signals can be used to make quantitative predictions of the consequences of proposed changes in signal luminance for reaction time, brightness, and conspicuity.

The naming impairment of living and nonliving items in Alzheimer's disease

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Montanes ◽  
Marie Claire Goldblum ◽  
Francois Boller
Keyword(s):  
Visual Complexity ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Semantic Category ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
White Line ◽  
Error Type ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractSeveral studies of semantic abilities in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (DAT) suggest that their semantic disorders may affect specific categories of knowledge. In particular, the existence of a category-specific semantic impairment affecting, selectively, living things has frequently been reported in association with DAT. We report here results from two naming tasks of 25 DAT patients and two subgroups within this population. The first naming task used 48 black and white line drawings from Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) which controlled the visual complexity of stimuli from living and nonliving categories. The second task used 44 colored pictures (to assess the influence of word frequency in living vs. nonliving categories). Within the set of black and white pictures, both DAT patients and controls obtained significantly lower scores on high visual complexity stimuli than on stimuli of low visual complexity. A clear effect of semantic category emerged for DAT patients and controls, with a lower performance on the living category. Within the colored set, pictures corresponding to high frequency words gave rise to significantly higher scores than pictures corresponding to low frequency words. No significant difference emerged between living versus nonliving categories, either in DAT patients or in controls. In the two tasks, the two subgroups of DAT patients presented a different profile of performance and error type. As color constitutes the main difference between the two sets of pictures, our results point to the relevance of this cue in the processing of semantic information, with visual complexity and frequency also being very relevant. (JINS, 1995, I, 39–48.)

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