scholarly journals Perceptual Organization of Interrupted Speech and Text

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 2578-2588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeriy Shafiro ◽  
Daniel Fogerty ◽  
Kimberly Smith ◽  
Stanley Sheft
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Organization ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Rate Variation ◽  
Linguistic Information ◽  
Interrupted Speech ◽  
Word Duration ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
High Degree

Purpose Visual recognition of interrupted text may predict speech intelligibility under adverse listening conditions. This study investigated the nature of the linguistic information and perceptual processes underlying this relationship. Method To directly compare the perceptual organization of interrupted speech and text, we examined the recognition of spoken and printed sentences interrupted at different rates in 14 adults with normal hearing. The interruption method approximated deletion and retention of rate-specific linguistic information (0.5–64 Hz) in speech by substituting either white space or silent intervals for text or speech in the original sentences. Results A similar U-shaped pattern of cross-rate variation in performance was observed in both modalities, with minima at 2 Hz. However, at the highest and lowest interruption rates, recognition accuracy was greater for text than speech, whereas the reverse was observed at middle rates. An analysis of word duration and the frequency of word sampling across interruption rates suggested that the location of the function minima was influenced by perceptual reconstruction of whole words. Overall, the findings indicate a high degree of similarity in the perceptual organization of interrupted speech and text. Conclusion The observed rate-specific variation in the perception of speech and text may potentially affect the degree to which recognition accuracy in one modality is predictive of the other.

scholarly journals Double-Sided Occluded Chinese Character Recognition Accuracy and Response Time for Design and Nondesign Educational Background

SAGE Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824401881006
Author(s):  
Ching-Chih Liao
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Character Recognition ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Chinese Character ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Chinese Character Recognition ◽  
Educational Groups

This article investigates the influence of the position of occlusion, structural composition, and design educational status on Chinese character recognition accuracy and response time. Tsao and Liao conducted an experiment using 18 of the 4,000 most commonly used Chinese characters and suggested that the primary and secondary recognition features of a “single-sided” occluded Chinese character are the key radical (or initial strokes) and the key component (i.e., combination of strokes), respectively. The study concluded that right-side occluded characters require a shorter response time and yield more accurate recognition and that educational background does not significantly affect recognition accuracy and response time. The present study considered the same 18 Chinese characters and extended the work of Tsao and Liao by exploring accuracy rate and response time in design and nondesign educational groups for the recognition of “double-sided” occluded Chinese characters. The experimental results indicated that right-side occlusion (including both bottom-right and top-right occlusion) requires a shorter response time and yields more accurate recognition than left-side occlusion. These results agree with those of Tsao and Liao, who found that the key radical of a Chinese character is its key visual recognition feature. Even double-sided occlusion of Chinese characters does not affect the recognition outcome if the position of occlusion does not blur the key radical. Moreover, the participants majoring in design recognized the occluded Chinese characters more slowly than those with no educational background in design.

scholarly journals Variation in selection constraints on teleost TLRs with emphasis on their repertoire in the Walking catfish, Clarias batrachus

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manisha Priyam ◽  
Sanjay K. Gupta ◽  
Biplab Sarkar ◽  
T. R. Sharma ◽  
A. Pattanayak
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Positive Selection ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Clarias Batrachus ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
High Degree

AbstractThe high degree of conservation of toll-like receptors (TLRs), and yet their subtle variations for better adaptation of species in the host–pathogen arms race make them worthy candidates for understanding evolution. We have attempted to track the trend of TLR evolution in the most diverse vertebrate group—teleosts, where Clarias batrachus was given emphasis, considering its traits for terrestrial adaptation. Eleven C. batrachus TLRs (TLR1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 9, 13, 22, 25, 26) were identified in this study which clustered in proximity to its Siluriformes relative orthologues in the phylogenetic analysis of 228 TLRs from 25 teleosts. Ten TLRs (TLR1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 9, 13, 21, 22) with at least 15 member orthologues for each alignment were processed for selection pressure and coevolutionary analysis. TLR1, 7, 8 and 9 were found to be under positive selection in the alignment-wide test. TLR1 also showed maximum episodic diversification in its clades while the teleost group Eupercaria showed the maximum divergence in their TLR repertoire. Episodic diversification was evident in C. batrachus TLR1 and 7 alignments. These results present a strong evidence of a divergent TLR repertoire in teleosts which may be contributing towards species-specific variation in TLR functions.

scholarly journals The Acoustics of Kabuki Theaters

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 1105-1113
Author(s):  
Clemens Büttner ◽  
Mitsuru Yabushita ◽  
Antonio Sánchez Parejo ◽  
Yu Morishita ◽  
Stefan Weinzierl
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sample ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Public Performance ◽  
Acoustical Parameters ◽  
Seating Arrangement ◽  
High Stage ◽  
Lower Volume ◽  
Speech Intelligibility Index ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Flat Frequency Response

The study presents a room acoustical investigation of a representative sample of eight Kabuki theaters as the most important public performance venues of pre-modern Japan. Room acoustical parameters according to ISO 3382 were measured for the unoccupied and simulated for the occupied condition. In comparison with European proscenium stage theaters, they have lower room heights in the auditorium, with usually only one upper tier, and no high stage house for movable scenery. The lower volume per seat results in lower reverberation times, The wooden construction and the audience seating arrangement on wooden straw mats on the floor instead of upholstered seats leads to a mostly flat frequency response up to 4 kHz, resulting in an excellent speech intelligibility, as documented by values for definition (D50) and the speech intelligibility index (STI). The acoustical conditions support the dynamic acting space created by pathways extending the stage from the front through the audience to the rear of the auditorium. They allow great contrasts in the perceived acoustical proximity depending on the selected acting position, and support a high degree of immersion of the audience into the dramatic action.

scholarly journals Genetic History of Hepatitis C Virus in East Asia

2008 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 1071-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver G. Pybus ◽  
Eleanor Barnes ◽  
Rachel Taggart ◽  
Philippe Lemey ◽  
Peter V. Markov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Phylogeographic Structure ◽  
Rate Variation ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Degree

ABSTRACT The hepatitis C virus (HCV), which currently infects an estimated 3% of people worldwide, has been present in some human populations for several centuries, notably HCV genotypes 1 and 2 in West Africa and genotype 6 in Southeast Asia. Here we use newly developed methods of sequence analysis to conduct the first comprehensive investigation of the epidemic and evolutionary history of HCV in Asia. Our analysis includes new HCV core (n = 16) and NS5B (n = 14) gene sequences, obtained from serum samples of jaundiced patients from Laos. These exceptionally diverse isolates were analyzed in conjunction with all available reference strains using phylogenetic and Bayesian coalescent methods. We performed statistical tests of phylogeographic structure and applied a recently developed “relaxed molecular clock” approach to HCV for the first time, which indicated an unexpectedly high degree of rate variation. Our results reveal a >1,000-year-long development of genotype 6 in Asia, characterized by substantial phylogeographic structure and two distinct phases of epidemic history, before and during the 20th century. We conclude that HCV lineages representing preexisting and spatially restricted strains were involved in multiple, independent local epidemics during the 20th century. Our analysis explains the generation and maintenance of HCV diversity in Asia and could provide a template for further investigations of HCV spread in other regions.

scholarly journals Optimizing Learning of Scientific Category Knowledge in the Classroom: The Case of Plant Identification

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce K. Kirchoff ◽  
Peter F. Delaney ◽  
Meg Horton ◽  
Rebecca Dellinger-Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Plant Systematics ◽  
Plant Identification ◽  
Final Exam ◽  
College Course ◽  
Category Knowledge ◽  
Written Descriptions ◽  
Spaced Repetition

Learning to identify organisms is extraordinarily difficult, yet trained field biologists can quickly and easily identify organisms at a glance. They do this without recourse to the use of traditional characters or identification devices. Achieving this type of recognition accuracy is a goal of many courses in plant systematics. Teaching plant identification is difficult because of variability in the plants’ appearance, the difficulty of bringing them into the classroom, and the difficulty of taking students into the field. To solve these problems, we developed and tested a cognitive psychology–based computer program to teach plant identification. The program incorporates presentation of plant images in a homework-based, active-learning format that was developed to stimulate expert-level visual recognition. A controlled experimental test using a within-subject design was performed against traditional study methods in the context of a college course in plant systematics. Use of the program resulted in an 8–25% statistically significant improvement in final exam scores, depending on the type of identification question used (living plants, photographs, written descriptions). The software demonstrates how the use of routines to train perceptual expertise, interleaved examples, spaced repetition, and retrieval practice can be used to train identification of complex and highly variable objects.

scholarly journals Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Speech Disorder Signal in Parkinson’s Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 7117-7123
Author(s):  
Heba M. Afify ◽  
Basma Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Computer Aided Diagnosis ◽  
Predictive Tool ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Disordered Speech ◽  
Aided Diagnosis

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) can be used as a decision support system by physicians in the diagnosis and treatmentof disordered speech especially those who specialize in neurophysiology diseases. Parkinson's disease (PD) is aprogressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement. It develops gradually, sometimes starting with a barelynoticeable tremor in speech. It has been found that 80% of persons with PD reported speech and voice disorders.Parkinson's disease symptoms worsen as the condition progresses over time. Therefore, Speech may become soft orslurred and these deficits in speech intelligibility impact on health status and quality of life. Different researchers arecurrently working in the analysis of speech signal of people with PD, including the study of different dimensions in speechsuch as phonation, articulation, prosody, and intelligibility. Here, we present the characteristics and features of normalspeech and speech disorders in people with PD and the types of classification for implementation of the efficacy oftreatment interventions. The results show that our classification algorithm using ANN is outperformed KNN and SVM. ANNis a practical and useful as a predictive tool for PD screening with a high degree of accuracy, approximately 96.1% of acorrect detection rate (sensitivity 94.7%, and specificity 96.6%). Based on the high levels of accuracy obtained by ourproposed algorithm, it can be used for enhancing the detection purpose to discriminate PD patients from healthy people.Our algorithm may be used by the clinicians as a tool to confirm their diagnosis.

Maximizing Phoneme Recognition Accuracy for Enhanced Speech Intelligibility in Noise

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1035-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petko N. Petkov ◽  
Gustav Eje Henter ◽  
W. Bastiaan Kleijn
Keyword(s):  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Phoneme Recognition

scholarly journals Research of Image Recognition of Plant Diseases and Pests Based on Deep Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Image Recognition ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Recognition Rate ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
Basic Model

Deep learning has attracted more and more attention in speech recognition, visual recognition and other fields. In the field of image processing, using deep learning method can obtain high recognition rate. In this paper, the convolution neural network is used as the basic model of deep learning. The shortcomings of the model are analyzed, and the DBN is used for the image recognition of diseases and insect pests. In the experiment, firstly, we select 10 kinds of disease and pest leaves and 50000 normal leaves, each of which is used for the comparison of algorithm performance.In the judgment of disease and pest species, the algorithm proposed in this study can identify all kinds of diseases and insect pests to the maximum extent, but the corresponding software (openCV, Access) recognition accuracy will gradually reduce along with the increase of the types of diseases and insect pests. In this study, the algorithm proposed in the identification of diseases and insect pests has been kept at about 45%.

scholarly journals Žodžių atpažinimo, grįsto paslėptaisiais Markovo modeliais, vizualizavimo ir analizės programinė įranga

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Živilė Ringelienė ◽  
Mark Filipovič
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Speech Signal ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Hidden Markov ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Isolated Word ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Isolated Word Recognition

Straipsnyje aprašomas atpažinimo, grįsto paslėptaisiais Markovo modeliais, sistemos prototipo veikimas. Ši programinė įranga skirta lietuvių kalbos žodžių atpažinimui tirti. Nagrinėjama, kaip sistemos pateikiama informacija apie žodžių atpažinimo procesą ir rezultatus padeda analizuoti klaidų priežastis. Žodžio atpažinimas priklauso nuo žodžio ribų nustatymo tikslumo. Signalo, energijos, žodžio ribų vizualizavimas leidžia lengviau įvertinti, ar sistema teisingai nustatė ribas. Jei žodis atpažintasklaidingai dėl to, kad buvo blogai nustatytos ribos, galima keisti sistemos parametrų, darančių įtaką ribų nustatymo tikslumui, reikšmes. Tam tikrais atvejais tai pagerina atpažinimo rezultatus. Žodžio paieškos vaizdavimas padeda įvertinti kiekvieno fonemos modelio įtaką žodžio atpažinimui ir parinkti žodžių transkripcijas, kurios pagerina atpažinimo rezultatus.A Tool for Visualization and Analysis of Isolated Word Recognition Based on the Hidden Markov ModelsŽivilė Ringelienė, Mark Filipovič SummaryThe paper presents a prototype of the isolated word recognition system based on hidden Markov models. The developed prototype of the speakerindependent Lithuanian isolated word recognition system is handy for recognition experiments and the analysis of their results. The user is provided with numeric and visual recognition information on the results. The word recognition pivots on the precision of the determination of the word limits. The main window contains a recognized word and its logarithmic likelihood, a visible waveform of the speech signal, the depicted energy of the speech signal, the identified word boundaries and energy detection thresholds. If the system misrecognized the word, such visualization enables to identify easier whether it resulted from wrong end-point detection. The segmentation window provides with a list of words which acoustic models to the given speech signal are the best, the scores of their likelihood and a diagram of the most likely sequence of the phoneme models aligned with the speech signal. Such visualization helps to analyze recognition errors and the impact of each phoneme model on the recognition accuracy. Results of preliminary experiments have shown that by changing the transcription of some words the recognition accuracy can be increased.

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