The Effect of Stapedectomy on the Loudness of One’s Own Voice

1965 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Melnick
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Sound Energy ◽  
Loudness Function ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Increased Sensitivity

Five subjects with normal middle ear mechanisms, and otosclerotic patients, before and after stapedectomy, matched the loudness of their voices to the loudness of a 125-cps-sawtooth noise. The results showed loudness matching functions with gradual slopes, less than 1.00, for the normal subjects and the patients prior to stapedectomy. Post-surgically, the loudness function for the patients increased in steepness to considerably more than 1.00. These results are explained, most logically, in terms of increased sensitivity of the altered middle ear to sound energy generated by the listener’s own voice.

Effects of desipramine on norepinephrine clearance in congestive heart failure

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (2) ◽  
pp. E261-E265 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Clemson ◽  
R. G. Baily ◽  
D. Davis ◽  
R. Zelis
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Congestive Heart Failure ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Neuronal Uptake ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Increased Sensitivity

Elevated plasma norepinephrine (NE) in congestive heart failure (CHF) is caused by increased NE spillover and decreased NE clearance. To evaluate the effects of neuronal uptake blockade on NE clearance, we studied NE kinetics during steady-state infusions of [3H]NE, before and after oral desipramine (DMI, 50 mg) in 11 patients with CHF and 8 normal volunteers. Baseline plasma NE was greater in the CHF group (637 +/- 56 vs. 271 +/- 32 pg/ml; P less than 0.001), NE clearance was lower in CHF (1.31 +/- 0.21 vs. 1.94 +/- 0.17 l.min-1.m-2; P = 0.026), and NE spillover was greater in CHF (4.71 +/- 0.78 vs. 3.04 +/- 0.35 nmol.min-1.m-2, P = 0.054). After DMI, plasma NE rose significantly in CHF (778 +/- 67; P = 0.008), and NE clearance decreased further in CHF (0.97 +/- 0.16; P = 0.024), but neither changed in normal subjects. NE spillover did not change in either group. There appears to be an enhanced effect of DMI on NE clearance in CHF patients. Two general mechanisms may be responsible for this finding, an increased concentration of drug, possibly caused by a decreased volume of distribution, and an increased sensitivity of neuronal amine pumps to DMI. Both mechanisms may reflect a more general abnormality of clearance of drugs and hormones related to abnormalities of tissue perfusion in CHF.

BESTIMMUNG DER INSULINAKTIVITÄT IM MENSCHLICHEM SERUM NACH GLUKOSEBELASTUNG ALS PRÜFUNG DER FUNKTIONSFÄHIGKEIT DES PANKREAS

1963 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Daweke
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Pancreatic Insufficiency ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Insulin Binding ◽  
Epididymal Adipose Tissue ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Glucose Loading ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Oral Hypoglycaemic Drugs ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

Using the method of glucose-1-14C oxydation to 14CO2 on the rat epididymal adipose tissue, the insulin-like activities (ILA) in the serum have been compared before and after oral loading with glucose in normal subjects, in maturity-onset diabetics and in insulin-requiring diabetics. In maturity-onset diabetics mean fasting values were found to be 30% below normal while in insulin-requiring diabetics they were 85% above normal. In normal subjects there was observed, 30 minutes after glucose loading, a moderate increase in blood sugar together with an increase of ILA of 222% above the starting value; in maturity-onset diabetics the increase in ILA was only 106% while the blood sugar was markedly increased. After glucose loading in maturity-onset diabetics, the total amount of insulin detected during the period of the experiment was, on the average, only 45% of that found in normal subjects. In insulin requiring diabetics there was no increase but, on the contrary, a steady decrease of the ILA values, while the blood sugar excessively increased. In general ILA values were higher than those in maturity-onset diabetics. No difference in response was found between maturity-onset diabetics treated with diet alone and those treated with diet and oral hypoglycaemic drugs. In contrast to the absolute ILA values, the index of insulin reserve, is of value in assessing the functional capacity of the pancreas. This index decreases progressively with the severity of the disease and reaches a maximum of 54% of the normal in maturity-onset diabetics, which can satisfactorily be explained by pancreas insufficiency. Only in some cases of insulin-requiring diabetics was an insulin reserve still detectable. The biological inactivity of the insulin circulating in the blood can be deduced from the increased ILA-values, as compared with those found in maturity-onset diabetics. Obviously some of this insulin can be released by the addition of glucose. It is likely that, in addition to pancreatic insufficiency, insulin-binding or insulin-inactivating antibodies play a part in the pathogenesis of insulin-requiring diabetes.

DETERMINATION OF BLOOD CORTICOIDS USING THE IN VITRO RESIN UPTAKE OF 3H-PREDNISOLONE

1968 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hironori Nakajima ◽  
Mitsunori Murala ◽  
Masumitsu Nakata ◽  
Takeshi Naruse ◽  
Seiji Kubo
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function Test ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Adrenal Function ◽  
Function Test ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Adrenal Response ◽  
Suppression Test

ABSTRACT The in vitro resin uptake of 3H-prednisolone was used for the determination of blood cortisol after addition of radioactive prednisolone followed by Amberlite CG 400 Type 1 to the test serum, and incubation of the mixture. The radioactivity of the supernatant was compared before and after the addition of the resin. The principle of this method is similar to that of the 131I-triiodothyronine resin uptake for the thyroid function test. The tests for the specificity, reproducibility and sensitivity gave satisfactory results. The mean basal value ± SD of the 3H-prednisolone resin uptake was 35.3 ± 9.2% in normal subjects, and 27.1 ± 4.8% in pregnant women. This method was valid in various adrenal function tests, i. e. the adrenal circadian rhythm, corticotrophin (ACTH) test, dexamethasone suppression test and the adrenal response to lysine-8-vasopressin. It proved to be a sensitive indicator of the adrenal function. These results suggest that this method should be useful for a routine adrenal function test.

EEG Responses to Low-Level Chemicals in Normals and Cacosmics

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 633-643
Author(s):  
Gary E. Schwartz ◽  
Iris R. Bell ◽  
Ziya V. Dikman ◽  
Mercedes Fernandez ◽  
John P. Kline ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Isoamyl Acetate ◽  
Alpha Activity ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Liquid Silicone ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
The University

Recent studies from the University of Arizona indicate that normal subjects, both college students and the elderly, can register the presence of low-intensity odors in the electroencephalogram (EEG) in the absence of conscious awareness of the odors. The experimental paradigm involves subjects sniffing pairs of bottles, one containing an odorant (e.g. isoamyl acetate) dissolved in an odorless solvent (water or liquid silicone), the other containing just the solvent, while 19 channels of EEG are continuously recorded. For the low-intensity odor conditions, concentrations are adjusted downward (decreased) until subjects correctly identify the odor bottle at chance (50). The order of odorants, concentrations, and hand holding the control bottle, are counterbalanced within and across subjects. Three previous experiments found that alpha activity (8-12 hz) decreased in midline and posterior regions when subjects sniffed the low-intensity odors. The most recent study suggests that decreased theta activity (4-8 hz) may reflect sensory registration and decreased alpha activity may reflect perceptual registration. In a just completed experiment involving college students who were selected based on combinations of high and low scores on a scale measuring cacosmia (chemical odor intolerance) and high and low scores on a scale measuring depression, cacosmic subjects (independent of depression) showed greater decreases in low-frequency alpha (8-10 hz) and greater increases in low-frequency beta (12-16 hz) to the solvent propylene glycol compared to an empty bottle. Topographic EEG mapping to low-intensity odorants may provide a useful tool for investigating possible increased sensitivity to specific chemicals in chemically sensitive individuals.

Effect of topically applied povidone-iodine on transient evoked otoacoustic emissions in guinea pigs

2003 ◽  
Vol 117 (9) ◽  
pp. 700-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Recep Yagiz ◽  
Abdullah Tas ◽  
Cem Uzun ◽  
Mustafa Kemal Adali ◽  
Muhsin Koten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Otoacoustic Emissions ◽  
Povidone Iodine ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Middle Ear Surgery ◽  
Iodine Solution ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Transiently Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions ◽  
Povidone Iodine Solution

The possible cochlear toxicity of topically applied povidone-iodine solution was investigated in guinea pigs by measuring transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs). Seven adult pigmented guinea pigs (14 ears) with a normal acoustic pinna reflex were used. After the baseline TEOAE measurements, 0.1mL of povidone-iodine solution was applied transtympanically into the middle ear in the study group. Saline solution and gentamicin were used as negative and positive control, respectively. TEOAE measurements were repeated on the 10th day, and four weeks after the first application. Tympanometric measurements were also carried out for both ears of all animals at the end of the study. Responses in all ears, which had povidone-iodine applied to them, disappeared in a way similar to those recorded in gentamicin-treated ears. Tympanometric measurements at the end of the study showed ’type A’ tympanograms in all ears of all animals. The present study showed that povidone-iodine could have a cochleotoxic effect in guinea pigs. A study in humans with TEOAE before and after middle-ear surgery, where povidone-iodine can reach into the middle-ear cavity, may be useful for evaluating this result for clinical practice.

Effects of adaptation of vestibulo-ocular reflex function on manual target localization

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob J. Bloomberg ◽  
Lauren A. Merkle ◽  
Susan R. Barry ◽  
William P. Huebner ◽  
Helen S. Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Modulation ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Target Localization ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Spatial Coding ◽  
Ocular Reflex ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Vestibular Cues ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Vestibulo Ocular Reflex

The goal of the present study was to determine if adaptive modulation of vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) function is associated with commensurate alterations in manual target localization. To measure the effects of adapted VOR on manual responses we developed the Vestibular-Contingent Pointing Test (VCP). In the VCP test, subjects pointed to a remembered target following passive whole body rotation in the dark. In the first experiment, subjects performed VCP before and after wearing 0.5X minifying lenses that adaptively attenuate horizontal VOR gain. Results showed that adaptive reduction in horizontal VOR gain was accompanied by a commensurate change in VCP performance. In the second experiment, bilaterally labyrinthine deficient (LD) subjects were tested to confirm that vestibular cues were central to the spatial coding of both eye and hand movements during VCP. LD subjects performed significantly worse than normal subjects. These results demonstrate that adaptive change in VOR can lead to alterations in manual target localization.

Pressor responses to norepinephrine in humans before and after corticosteroids

1962 ◽  
Vol 203 (5) ◽  
pp. 961-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohinder P. Sambhi ◽  
Max H. Weil ◽  
Vasant N. Udhoji
Keyword(s):  
Human Subject ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Adrenal Function ◽  
Variance Analysis ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Pressor Responses ◽  
Before And After

Pressor responses produced by intravenous injections of graded doses of norepinephrine were recorded in ten normal subjects before and after pharmacologic doses of glucocorticoids. Two subjects had been pretreated with 9α-fluorocortisol. Although a considerable variation was found in the responsiveness to repeated norepinephrine injections, variance analysis demonstrated that administration of adrenal cortical hormones and their analogues did not significantly alter the response. These observations do not support the hypothesis that acute administration of corticosteroids in large doses potentiates the pressor effects of catecholamines in the human subject with normal adrenal function.

Near-maximal voluntary hyperpnea and ventilatory muscle function

1984 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1742-1748 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Bai ◽  
B. J. Rabinovitch ◽  
R. L. Pardy
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Function ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Pressure Time ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Expiratory Muscles ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Frequency Relationship ◽  
Low Frequency Power ◽  
Relationship Of

Because of its potential relevance to heavy exercise we studied the ventilatory muscle function of five normal subjects before, during, and after shortterm near-maximal voluntary normocapnic hyperpnea. Measurements of pleural and abdominal pressures and diaphragm electromyogram (EMG) during hyperpnea and of maximum respiratory pressures before and after hyperpnea were made at four levels of ventilation: 76, 79, and 86% maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) and at MVV. Measurements of pleural and abdominal pressures and diaphragm electromyogram (EMG) during hyperpnea and of maximum respiratory pressures before and after hyperpnea were made. The pressure-stimulation frequency relationship of the diaphragm obtained by unilateral transcutaneous phrenic nerve stimulation was studied in two subjects before and after hyperpnea. Decreases in maximal inspiratory (PImax) and transdiaphragmatic (Pdimax) strength were recorded posthyperpnea at 76 and 79% MVV. Decreases in the pressure-frequency curves of the diaphragm and the ratio of high-to-low frequency power of the diaphragm EMG occurred in association with decreases in Pdimax. Analysis of the pressure-time product (P X dt) for the inspiratory and expiratory muscles individually indicated the increasing contribution of expiratory muscle force to the attainment of higher levels of ventilation. Demonstrable ventilatory muscle fatigue may limit endurance at high levels of ventilation.

scholarly journals Validity of a frustration-induction procedure

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Henna ◽  
Monica L Zilberman ◽  
Valentim Gentil ◽  
Clarice Gorenstein
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Induction Procedure ◽  
Overt Behavior ◽  
Before And After

OBJECTIVE: To test a reliable and easily administered frustration-induction procedure for experimental research. METHOD: One hundred volunteers (81 women, mean age ± SD 34.2 ± 8 years) physically and psychiatrically healthy submitted to the frustration induction procedure were prevented from reaching reward level scores. Subjective aggressiveness feelings related to frustration were self-rated in a 13-item visual analogue scale before and after the procedure. RESULTS: Significant increases in aggressiveness-related feelings were detected in 12 of the 13 items. This was consistent with the observed overt behavior of the subjects during the task. CONCLUSIONS: The frustration-induction procedure is a simple, easy to administer frustration-induction procedure that can be used in experimental studies in normal subjects.

scholarly journals Integration of mRNA and miRNA Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanism of Cotton Response to Salt Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Zhan ◽  
Yangyang Diao ◽  
Guo Yin ◽  
Muhammad Sajjad ◽  
Xi Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Regulatory Relationship ◽  
Significant Differential Expression ◽  
Amplification Bias ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Increased Sensitivity

To identify the regulatory network of known and novel microRNAs (miRNAs) and their targets responding to salt stress, a combined analysis of mRNA libraries, small RNA libraries, and degradome libraries were performed. In this study, we used unique molecular identifiers (UMIs), which are more sensitive, accurate, and reproducible than traditional methods of sequencing, to quantify the number of molecules and correct for amplification bias. We identified a total of 312 cotton miRNAs using seedlings at 0, 1, 3, and 6 h after NaCl treatment, including 80 known ghr-miRNAs and 232 novel miRNAs and found 155 miRNAs that displayed significant differential expression under salt stress. Among them, fifty-nine differentially expressed miRNAs were simultaneously induced in two or three tissues, while 66, 11, and 19 were specifically expressed in the roots, leaves, and stems, respectively. It is indicated there were different populations of miRNAs against salt stress in roots, leaves and stems. 399 candidate targets of salt-induced miRNAs showed significant differential expression before and after salt treatment, and 72 targets of 25 miRNAs were verified by degradome sequencing data. Furthermore, the regulatory relationship of miRNA-target gene was validated experimentally via 5′RLM-RACE, proving our data reliability. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis found that salt-responsive miRNA targets among the differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched, and mainly involved in response to the stimulus process and the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. Furthermore, the expression levels of newly identified miRNA mir1 and known miRNAs miR390 and miR393 gradually decreased when subjected to continuous salt stress, while overexpression of these miRNAs both increased sensitivity to salt stress. Those newly identified miRNAs and mRNA pairs were conducive to genetic engineering and better understanding the mechanisms responding to salt stress in cotton.

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