Error Monitoring in People Who Stutter

1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1024-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Postma ◽  
Herman Kolk
Keyword(s):  
False Alarm ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
The Self ◽  
Tape Recording ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Error Monitoring ◽  
Self Monitoring

Several theories purport that people who stutter suffer a speech-auditory feedback defect. The disordered feedback creates the illusion that some kind of error has intruded into the speech flow. Stuttering then results from actions aimed to correct the suspected, but nonexistent, error. These auditory feedback defect theories thus predict deviant error detection performance in people who stutter during speech production. To test this prediction, subjects who stuttered and those who did not had to detect self-produced (phonemic) speech errors while speaking with normal auditory feedback and with the auditory feedback masked by white noise. The two groups did not differ significantly in error detection accuracy and speed, nor in false alarm scores. This opposes auditory feedback defect theories and suggests that the self-monitoring processes of people who stutter function normally. In a condition in which errors had to be detected in other-produced speech, i.e., while listening to a tape recording, subjects who stuttered did detect fewer errors. Whether this might signal some general phonological problem is discussed.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Self-monitoring and Error Detection in Speech Production: Evidence from Mental Imagery and MEG

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Tian ◽  
David Poeppel
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Spectral Difference ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Onset Delay ◽  
Nonmonotonic Function ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Pitch Shift

A critical subroutine of self-monitoring during speech production is to detect any deviance between expected and actual auditory feedback. Here we investigated the associated neural dynamics using MEG recording in mental-imagery-of-speech paradigms. Participants covertly articulated the vowel /a/; their own (individually recorded) speech was played back, with parametric manipulation using four levels of pitch shift, crossed with four levels of onset delay. A nonmonotonic function was observed in early auditory responses when the onset delay was shorter than 100 msec: Suppression was observed for normal playback, but enhancement for pitch-shifted playback; however, the magnitude of enhancement decreased at the largest level of pitch shift that was out of pitch range for normal conversion, as suggested in two behavioral experiments. No difference was observed among different types of playback when the onset delay was longer than 100 msec. These results suggest that the prediction suppresses the response to normal feedback, which mediates source monitoring. When auditory feedback does not match the prediction, an “error term” is generated, which underlies deviance detection. We argue that, based on the observed nonmonotonic function, a frequency window (addressing spectral difference) and a time window (constraining temporal difference) jointly regulate the comparison between prediction and feedback in speech.

Self-monitoring in speech production: effects of verbal hallucinations and negative symptoms

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Leudar ◽  
P. Thomas ◽  
M. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Acoustic Feedback ◽  
Production Effects ◽  
Internal Error

SynopsisThis paper reports results of a study on self-monitoring in speech production. Thirty schizophrenics, varying in verbal hallucination and in negative symptoms status, and 17 controls were tested on the reporter test. The position of interruptions of the speech-flow to repair errors was used to indicate whether the detection of the errors was through monitoring of internal phonetic plans or through external acoustic feedback. We have found that the internal error detection was twice as frequent in controls as in schizophrenics. The relevance of this finding to Frith's (1992) model of schizophrenia is discussed. Our conclusion is that the problem with internal monitoring of phonetic plans is common to all schizophrenics, and not just to those with verbal hallucinations.

scholarly journals Structural Disconnection of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex Reduces Speech Error Monitoring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua McCall ◽  
Jonathan Vivian Dickens ◽  
Ayan Mandal ◽  
Andrew Tesla DeMarco ◽  
Mackenzie Fama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Medial Frontal Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Error Monitoring ◽  
Speech Error

Optimal performance in any task relies on the ability to detect and repair errors. The anterior cingulate cortex and the broader posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) are active during error processing. However, it is unclear whether damage to the pMFC impairs error monitoring. We hypothesized that successful error monitoring critically relies on connections between the pMFC and broader cortical networks involved in executive functions and the task being monitored. We tested this hypothesis in the context of speech error monitoring in people with post-stroke aphasia. Diffusion weighted images were collected in 51 adults with chronic left-hemisphere stroke and 37 age-matched control participants. Whole-brain connectomes were derived using constrained spherical deconvolution and anatomically-constrained probabilistic tractography. Support vector regressions identified white matter connections in which lost integrity in stroke survivors related to reduced error detection during confrontation naming. Lesioned connections to the bilateral pMFC were related to reduced error monitoring, including many connections to regions associated with speech production and executive function. We conclude that connections to the pMFC support error monitoring. Error monitoring in speech production is supported by the structural connectivity between the pMFC and regions involved in speech production and executive function. Interactions between pMFC and other task relevant processors may similarly be critical for error monitoring in other task contexts.

scholarly journals Self-monitoring in the cerebral cortex: Neural responses to small pitch shifts in auditory feedback during speech production

NeuroImage ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 326-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias K. Franken ◽  
Frank Eisner ◽  
Daniel J. Acheson ◽  
James M. McQueen ◽  
Peter Hagoort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Small Pitch

scholarly journals The Lexical Bias Effect during Speech Production in the First and Second Language

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter Petrus Johannes Broos ◽  
Wouter Duyck ◽  
Robert Hartsuiker
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
First Language ◽  
The Self ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Bias Effect ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Recent Exposure ◽  
Lexical Bias

The lexical bias effect is the tendency for people to make phonological speech errors that result in existing words. Several studies have argued that this effect arises from a combination of factors: the self-monitoring system covertly weeding out more nonword than word errors and feedback of activation during speech production biasing towards lexical outcomes. Moreover, lexicality of the context has been shown to influence the occurrence of the lexical bias effect (Hartsuiker, Corley, & Martensen, 2005), supporting a role for monitoring. But how does this process differ in one’s first language (L1) as opposed to this same process in the second language (L2) and is there even a difference to begin with? To address that question, we tested whether people also show the lexical bias effect when speaking in a second language (L2) and if so, whether the effect is also modulated by context lexicality. Additionally, we tested whether recent exposure to existing words in L2 influences such a lexical bias effect. We observed a lexical bias effect in L1 but not in L2 in Experiment 1. Moreover, the lexical bias effect in L1 was marginally modulated by context. Experiment 2, in which more L2 words were presented, did not demonstrate a lexical bias effect in either language. However, an analysis of a subset of the data (namely the blocks that were identical in both experiments and thus directly comparable) found a three-way interaction between Outcome, Language, and Experiment. This interaction suggests a strong lexical bias effect in Experiment 1 for L1 but not for L2 whereas Experiment 2 reveals a comparable lexical bias effect in both languages. This indicates that more exposure to existing L2 words leads to an increase in activation of the lexical representations of the target language, thereby increasing the number of transpositions and therefore an increase in the strength of the lexical bias effect.

scholarly journals Differential causal involvement of human auditory and frontal cortices in vocal motor control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Araceli Ramirez Cardenas ◽  
Roozbeh Behroozmand ◽  
Zsuzsanna Kocsis ◽  
Phillip E Gander ◽  
Kirill V Nourski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Vocal Responses ◽  
Neurosurgical Patients ◽  
Motor Information ◽  
Auditory Cortices ◽  
Voice Fundamental Frequency

Speech motor control requires integration of sensory and motor information. Bidirectional communication between frontal and auditory cortices is crucial for speech production, self-monitoring and motor control. We used cortical direct electrical stimulation (DES) to functionally dissect audio-motor interactions underlying speech production and motor control. Eleven neurosurgical patients performed a visually cued vocal task in which a short auditory feedback perturbation was introduced during vocalization. We evaluated the effect of DES on vocal initiation, voice fundamental frequency (F0) and feedback-dependent motor control. DES of frontal sites modulated vocal onset latencies. Stimulation of different inferior frontal gyrus sites elicited either shortening or prolongation of vocal latencies. DES distinctly modulated voice F0 at different vocalization stages. Frontal and temporal areas played an important role in setting voice F0 in the first 250 ms of an utterance, while Heschls gyrus was involved later when auditory input is available for self-monitoring. Vocal responses to pitch-shifted auditory feedback were mostly reduced by DES of non-core auditory cortices. Overall, we demonstrate that vocal planning and initiation are driven by frontal cortices, while feedback-dependent control relies predominantly on non-core auditory cortices. Our findings represent direct evidence of the role played by different auditory and frontal regions in vocal motor control.

Speech Production: Evidence for Corollary-Discharge Stabilization of Perceptual Mechanisms

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 899-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Lackner
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Speech Sound ◽  
Corollary Discharge ◽  
The Self ◽  
Tape Recording ◽  
Perceptual Stability ◽  
Self Production ◽  
Verbal Transformation

Warren (1961) reported that if one listens to a particular speech sound that is repeated over-and-over it will soon be heard as a different speech sound, a phenomenon that he has called the “verbal transformation effect.” 12 Ss participated in an experiment which demonstrated that a syllable one repeats aloud to himself will remain perceptually stable; nevertheless, if one then listens to a tape-recording of his own repetitions of the syllable, then he will hear it undergo transformations. Apparently, during the self-production of a speech sound, the perceptual mechanisms involved in its reception are alerted for that particular linguistic entity and as a consequence perceptual stability is maintained.

scholarly journals Implementation of a Modified Faster R-CNN for Target Detection Technology of Coastal Defense Radar

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1703
Author(s):  
He Yan ◽  
Chao Chen ◽  
Guodong Jin ◽  
Jindong Zhang ◽  
Xudong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
False Alarm ◽  
False Alarm Rate ◽  
Target Detection ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Detection Performance ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Constant False Alarm Rate ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Detection Technology ◽  
Coastal Defense

The traditional method of constant false-alarm rate detection is based on the assumption of an echo statistical model. The target recognition accuracy rate and the high false-alarm rate under the background of sea clutter and other interferences are very low. Therefore, computer vision technology is widely discussed to improve the detection performance. However, the majority of studies have focused on the synthetic aperture radar because of its high resolution. For the defense radar, the detection performance is not satisfactory because of its low resolution. To this end, we herein propose a novel target detection method for the coastal defense radar based on faster region-based convolutional neural network (Faster R-CNN). The main processing steps are as follows: (1) the Faster R-CNN is selected as the sea-surface target detector because of its high target detection accuracy; (2) a modified Faster R-CNN based on the characteristics of sparsity and small target size in the data set is employed; and (3) soft non-maximum suppression is exploited to eliminate the possible overlapped detection boxes. Furthermore, detailed comparative experiments based on a real data set of coastal defense radar are performed. The mean average precision of the proposed method is improved by 10.86% compared with that of the original Faster R-CNN.

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