Lung Volumes and Their Significance for Pharyngeal and Esophageal Swallowing Function

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxann Diez Gross
Keyword(s):  
Lung Volume ◽  
Airway Pressure ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Swallowing Function ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Bolus Transit ◽  
Chest Wall Compliance ◽  
Subglottic Air Pressure ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallow ◽  
Wall Compliance

Subglottic airway pressure is generated during each swallow and this supports the probability that subglottic mechanoreceptors function as part of the overall afferent collage of signals that guide motor output. Lung volume at swallow onset, lung recoil forces, and chest wall compliance are all important factors that combine for the generation of sufficiently positive subglottic air pressure during the pharyngeal swallow. Higher lung volumes at swallow onset may also be advantageous to the esophageal pressure gradient during esophageal bolus transit. Patients with impaired lung-thoracic unit recoil and disordered breathing/swallowing patterns may not only benefit from learning to swallow during early exhalation, but may also need to start at a higher lung volume in order to compensate for reduced recoil effects on swallowing function.

Lung volume and pleural pressure in the anesthetized hamster

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 927-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. L. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Lung Volume ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Lung Compliance ◽  
Pleural Pressure ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Lung Capacity ◽  
Volume Curve ◽  
Pressure Volume Curve ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Wall Compliance

Lung volumes and respiratory pressures were measured in anesthetized male hamsters weighing an average 117 g. In 16 supine animals functional residual capacity (FRC) determined by body plethysmograph was 1.12 +/- 0.23 (SD) ml (about 20% total lung capacity, TLC) slightly and significantly larger than the FRC measured by saline displacement, 1.01 +/- 0.15 ml. Similar results were found in six prone animals. Paralysis did not significantly alter supine FRC. Contrary to published reports, pleural pressure (Ppl) estimated from esophageal pressure was negative at FRC. The fact that lung volume decreased by 0.2 ml (about 4% TLC) when the chest was opened at FRC provided additional evidence of negative Ppl at FRC. No consistent changes in the lung pressure-volume curve were found after the chest was opened. Deflation chest wall compliance just above FRC was about twice lung compliance. The vital capacity and reserve volumes in this study agreed with values reported in the literature. However, absolute lung volumes (TLC, FRC, and residual volume) were lower by about 1.4 ml, possibly because of earlier overestimates of box FRC.

Esophageal pressure in infants at elevated lung volumes and positive airway pressure

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Beardsmore ◽  
J. Stocks ◽  
M. Silverman
Keyword(s):  
Lung Volume ◽  
Airway Pressure ◽  
Positive Airway Pressure ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Injection Technique ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Airway Occlusion ◽  
Pressure Changes

The measurement of esophageal pressure changes (delta Pes) under conditions of elevated lung volume or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was investigated in a group of 17 infants by use of an esophageal balloon. Eleven of the infants were studied in a whole-body plethysmograph, and lung volume was increased by a volume injection technique. Reproducible measurements of lung volume in the plethysmograph showed that changes in mask pressure (delta Pm) were accurate during airway occlusion in 10 of the 11 infants. A progressive elevation of the ratio delta Pes/delta Pm during respiratory efforts against occlusion at lung volumes above the tidal range was observed in 8 of the 11 infants. In only one of these infants could the error have been in delta Pm measurement. Of seven infants (including one common to both studies) studied under CPAP, six also showed this effect, which occurred predominantly in very young or preterm infants. Changes in esophageal pressure in infancy, measured at high lung volumes or pressures, may not be representative of mean pleural pressure changes.

Pressure transmission across the respiratory system at raised lung volumes in infants

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 1015-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Turner ◽  
C. J. Lanteri ◽  
P. N. LeSouef ◽  
P. D. Sly
Keyword(s):  
Lung Volume ◽  
Dynamic Pressure ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Pressure Transmission ◽  
Airway Opening ◽  
Forced Expiratory Flow ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Volume Range

Forced expiratory flow-volume (FEFV) curves can be generated from end-tidal inspiration in infants with use of an inflatable jacket. We have developed a technique to raise lung volume in the infant before generation of FEFV curves. Measurements of pressure transmission to the airway opening by use of static maneuvers have shown no change with increasing lung volume above end-tidal inspiration. The aim of this study was to determine, under dynamic conditions (i.e., during rapid thoracic compression), whether the efficiency of pressure transmission across the chest wall is altered by raising lung volume above the tidal range. Dynamic pressure transmission (Ptx,dyn) was measured in five infants (age 6–17 mo). Jacket pressure (Pj), esophageal pressure, and volume were measured throughout passive and FEFV curves at lung volumes set by 10, 15, and 20 cmH2O preset pressure. The group mean Ptx,dyn was 37 +/- 6% (SE) of Pj at end-tidal inspiration, and no change was seen with further increases in lung volume. However, a mean decrease in Ptx,dyn of 42% was evident throughout the tidal volume range (i.e., from end-tidal inspiration to end expiration). Isovolume static pressure transmission (Ptx,st) was measured in three of the five infants by inflation of the jacket in a stepwise manner with the airway closed. Measurements were made at end-tidal inspiration and lung volumes at 10, 15, and 20 cmH2O preset pressure. Resulting changes in Pj, esophageal pressure, and airway opening pressure were compared using linear regressions to determine Ptx,st.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

An Exploration of Lung Volume Effects on Swallowing in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 2155-2168
Author(s):  
Teresa C. Drulia ◽  
Erin Kamarunas ◽  
Cynthia O'Donoghue ◽  
Christy L. Ludlow
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Tongue Pressure ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallow

Purpose Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) limits respiration, which may negatively impact airway safety during swallowing. It is unknown how differences in lung volume in COPD may alter swallowing physiology. This exploratory study aimed to determine how changes in lung volume impact swallow duration and coordination in persons with stable state COPD compared with older healthy volunteers (OHVs). Method Volunteers ≥ 45 years with COPD (VwCOPDs; n = 9) and OHVs ( n = 10) were prospectively recruited. Group and within-participant differences were examined when swallowing at different respiratory volumes: resting expiratory level (REL), tidal volume (TV), and total lung capacity (TLC). Participants swallowed self-administered 20-ml water boluses by medicine cup. Noncued (NC) water swallows were followed by randomly ordered block swallowing trials at three lung volumes. Estimated lung volume (ELV) and respiratory–swallow patterning were quantified using spirometry and respiratory inductive plethysmography. Manometry measured pharyngeal swallow duration from onset of base of tongue pressure increase to offset of negative pressure in the pharyngoesophageal segment. Results During NC swallows, the VwCOPDs swallowed at lower lung volumes than OHVs ( p = .011) and VwCOPDs tended to inspire after swallows more often than OHVs. Pharyngeal swallow duration did not differ between groups; however, swallow duration significantly decreased as the ELV increased in VwCOPDs ( p = .003). During ELV manipulation, the COPD group inspired after swallowing more frequently at REL than at TLC ( p = .001) and at TV ( p = .002). In conclusion, increasing respiratory lung volume in COPD should improve safety by reducing the frequency of inspiration after a swallow.

A pinhole method for measuring chest wall compliance

1983 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 1157-1160
Author(s):  
J. L. Grant ◽  
D. P. Moulton
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Needle Valve ◽  
Chest Wall Compliance ◽  
Pressure Line ◽  
Wall Compliance ◽  
The Subject

We describe a method of measuring chest wall compliance (Cw) that readily detects whether respiratory muscles are relaxed. The method simulates a normal slow sigh, with the subject exhaling through a needle valve. Cw is calculated from the slope of the volume-esophageal pressure line. With relaxed subjects, repeated measurements yield similar slopes. When subjects cannot relax, the volume-pressure line is irregular and variable. In 26 subjects who could relax, Cw averaged 0.208 +/- 0.05 (SD) l/cmH2O.

Respiratory mechanics in normal bonnet and rhesus monkeys

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Kosch ◽  
J. R. Gillespie ◽  
J. D. Berry
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Chest Wall Compliance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Static Mechanical ◽  
Wall Compliance ◽  
Trapped Gas ◽  
Gas Volume

We measured lung volumes and quasi-static volume-pressure relationships in 22 normal upright bonnet (Macaca radiata) and 12 rhesus (M. mulatta) monkeys. In comparison with interspecies pulmonary function/body weight regressions our monkeys' lung volumes are larger and their lungs are considerably more compliant, but their chest wall compliance is similar to a wide range of mammalian species. However, chest wall compliance of our monkeys was found to be considerably less than that of other more commonly used experimental mammals such as dogs, cats, and rodents. The monkey chest walls were found to be about four times as stiff (3.3 +/- 0.1 (ml/cmH2O)/kg), whereas their lungs were nearly twice as compliant (9.2 +/- 0.7 (ml/cmH2O)/kg) compared to those of supine beagle dogs. Thus, their stiff chest wall sets their functional residual capacity (64.1 +/- 1.2% TLC30) at a much larger percentage of total lung capacity (TLC30) than that of the supine beagle dog (33.8% TLC30). Residual volume (13.2 +/- 1.9% TLC30) equaled the trapped gas volume after bilateral thoracotomy and was set by airway closure. We found more hysteresis area in the chest wall than in the lungs. Our measurements indicate that the static mechanical behavior of the respiratory system of the monkey compares well to man and that the monkey has considerable merit as an animal model for human respiratory function and disease research.

Rib cage deformation during static inspiratory efforts

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1071-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Saunders ◽  
S. M. Kreitzer ◽  
R. H. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Lung Volume ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Transdiaphragmatic Pressure ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Opposite Change ◽  
Accessory Muscles ◽  
Lateral Diameter

Patterns of rib cage (RC) deformation were studied in six normal subjects during moderate static inspiratory efforts such that esophageal pressure (Pes) as an index of transthoracic pressure fell to between -30 and -60 cmH2O during each maneuver. At lung volumes below 50% inspiratory capacity (IC), static inspiratory efforts deformed RC to a more elliptical shape; RC lateral diameter became smaller and RC lateral diameter became larger. However, at high lung volumes (greater than 50% IC) the opposite change in RC dimensions occurred despite similar changes in Pes, i.e., the RC became more circular. These differences in RC deformation did not appear to be a possive consequence of increased lung volume because the RC could be voluntarily deformed to a more circular shape at low lung volume when a) subjects performed static inspiratory efforts mainly with their intercostal and accessory muscles rather than their diaphragm as judged by a smaller change in transdiaphragmatic pressure for the same Pes; or b) subjects statically contracted their diaphragm with it held in a relatively flattened configuration as assessed by a large abdominal AP dimension. We suggest that deformation of the RC during static inspiratory efforts is not as predictable as has previously been suggested but depends on the pattern of contraction and configuration of the respiratory muscles.

Acute effects of thixotropy conditioning of inspiratory muscles on end-expiratory chest wall and lung volumes in normal humans

2006 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 298-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Izumizaki ◽  
Michiko Iwase ◽  
Yasuyoshi Ohshima ◽  
Ikuo Homma
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Inspiratory Muscles ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Inflated Lung

Thixotropy conditioning of inspiratory muscles consisting of maximal inspiratory effort performed at an inflated lung volume is followed by an increase in end-expiratory position of the rib cage in normal human subjects. When performed at a deflated lung volume, conditioning is followed by a reduction in end-expiratory position. The present study was performed to determine whether changes in end-expiratory chest wall and lung volumes occur after thixotropy conditioning. We first examined the acute effects of conditioning on chest wall volume during subsequent five-breath cycles using respiratory inductive plethysmography ( n = 8). End-expiratory chest wall volume increased after conditioning at an inflated lung volume ( P < 0.05), which was attained mainly by rib cage movements. Conditioning at a deflated lung volume was followed by reductions in end-expiratory chest wall volume, which was explained by rib cage and abdominal volume changes ( P < 0.05). End-expiratory esophageal pressure decreased and increased after conditioning at inflated and deflated lung volumes, respectively ( n = 3). These changes in end-expiratory volumes and esophageal pressure were greatest for the first breath after conditioning. We also found that an increase in spirometrically determined inspiratory capacity ( n = 13) was maintained for 3 min after conditioning at a deflated lung volume, and a decrease for 1 min after conditioning at an inflated lung volume. Helium-dilution end-expiratory lung volume increased and decreased after conditioning at inflated and deflated lung volumes, respectively (both P < 0.05; n = 11). These results suggest that thixotropy conditioning changes end-expiratory volume of the chest wall and lung in normal human subjects.

Lung mechanics in papain-treated rabbits

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 242-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. McCormack ◽  
R. H. Moreno ◽  
J. C. Hogg ◽  
P. D. Pare
Keyword(s):  
Lung Mechanics ◽  
Airway Wall ◽  
Tidal Breathing ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Chest Wall Compliance ◽  
Maximal Expiratory Flow ◽  
Airway Caliber ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lung Resistance ◽  
Wall Compliance

To further investigate the effects of airway cartilage softening on static and dynamic lung mechanics, 11 rabbits were treated with 100 mg/kg iv papain, whereas 9 control animals received no pretreatment. Lung mechanics were studied 24 h after papain injection. There was no significant difference in lung volumes, lung pressure-volume curves, or chest wall compliance. Papain-treated rabbits showed increased lung resistance: 91 +/- 63 vs. 39 +/- 22 cmH2O X l-1 X s (mean +/- SD; P less than 0.05), decreased maximal expiratory flows at all lung volumes, and preserved density dependence of maximal expiratory flows. We conclude that increased airway wall compliance is probably the mechanism that limited maximal expiratory flow in this animal model. In addition the increased lung resistance suggests that airway cartilage plays a role in the regulation of airway caliber during quiet tidal breathing.

scholarly journals Additional Expiratory Resistance Elevates Airway Pressure and Lung Volume during High-Flow Tracheal Oxygen via Tracheostomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang-Qiang Chen ◽  
Xiu-Mei Sun ◽  
Yu-Mei Wang ◽  
Yi-Min Zhou ◽  
Jing-Ran Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Injury ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Airway Pressure ◽  
Work Of Breathing ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Crossover Fashion ◽  
Expiratory Resistance ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract The standard high-flow tracheal (HFT) interface was modified by adding a 5-cm H2O/L/s resistor to the expiratory port. First, in a test lung simulating spontaneous breathing, we found that the modified HFT caused an elevation in airway pressure as a power function of flow. Then, three tracheal oxygen treatments (T-piece oxygen at 10 L/min, HFT and modified HFT at 40 L/min) were delivered in a random crossover fashion to six tracheostomized pigs before and after the induction of lung injury. The modified HFT induced a significantly higher airway pressure compared with that in either T-piece or HFT (p < 0.001). Expiratory resistance significantly increased during modified HFT (p < 0.05) to a mean value of 4.9 to 6.7 cm H2O/L/s. The modified HFT induced significant augmentation in end-expiratory lung volume (p < 0.05) and improved oxygenation for lung injury model (p = 0.038) compared with the HFT and T-piece. There was no significant difference in esophageal pressure swings, transpulmonary driving pressure or pressure time product among the three treatments (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the modified HFT with additional expiratory resistance generated a clinically relevant elevation in airway pressure and lung volume. Although expiratory resistance increased, inspiratory effort, lung stress and work of breathing remained within an acceptable range.

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