Species richness and spatial distribution of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in streams of Central Amazonia, Brazil

Parasitoids are of great importance to forest ecosystems due to their ecological role in the regulation of the population of other insects. The species richness and abundance of parasitoids in the forest canopy and understory, both on the borders and in the interior of a tropical forest reserve in Central Amazonia were investigated. For a 12-month period, specimen collections were made every 15 days from suspended traps placed in the forest canopy and in the understory strata, both on the border and in the interior of forest areas. A total of 12,835 Hymenoptera parasitoids from 23 families were acquired. Braconidae, Diapriidae, Mymaridae, Eulophidae, and Scelionidae were the most represented in the area and strata samples. The results indicate that there were no significant differences in the species richness or abundance of Hymenoptera between the forest borders and the inner forest. The data does show that the presence of Hymenoptera is significantly greater in the understory in both the border and interior areas than in the canopy (vertical stratification). Aphelinidae and Ceraphronidae were significantly associated with the inner forest, while the other seven families with the border of the reserve. The abundance of Hymenoptera parasitoids presented seasonal variations during the year related to the rainy and dry seasons.

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Spatial Distribution of Lichens in Metrosideros excelsa in Northern New Zealand Urban Forests

Diversity ◽

10.3390/d13040170 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 170

Author(s):

Gladys N. Benitez ◽

Glenn D. Aguilar ◽

Dan Blanchon

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Species Richness ◽

New Zealand ◽

Lichen Species ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Breast Height ◽

Lichen Community ◽

The North ◽

The City ◽

Lichen Flora

The spatial distribution of corticolous lichens on the iconic New Zealand pōhutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa) tree was investigated from a survey of urban parks and forests across the city of Auckland in the North Island of New Zealand. Lichens were identified from ten randomly selected trees at 20 sampling sites, with 10 sites classified as coastal and another 10 as inland sites. Lichen data were correlated with distance from sea, distance from major roads, distance from native forests, mean tree DBH (diameter at breast height) and the seven-year average of measured NO2 over the area. A total of 33 lichen species were found with coastal sites harboring significantly higher average lichen species per tree as well as higher site species richness. We found mild hotspots in two sites for average lichen species per tree and another two separate sites for species richness, with all hotspots at the coast. A positive correlation between lichen species richness and DBH was found. Sites in coastal locations were more similar to each other in terms of lichen community composition than they were to adjacent inland sites and some species were only found at coastal sites. The average number of lichen species per tree was negatively correlated with distance from the coast, suggesting that the characteristic lichen flora found on pōhutukawa may be reliant on coastal microclimates. There were no correlations with distance from major roads, and a slight positive correlation between NO2 levels and average lichen species per tree.

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Marked Differences in Butterfly Assemblage Composition between Forest Types in Central Amazonia, Brazil

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12070942 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 942

Author(s):

Isabela Freitas Oliveira ◽

Fabricio Beggiato Baccaro ◽

Fernanda P. Werneck ◽

Thamara Zacca ◽

Torbjørn Haugaasen

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Forest Type ◽

Spatial Arrangement ◽

High Water ◽

Butterfly Species ◽

Terra Firme ◽

Central Amazonia ◽

Forested Areas ◽

Contrasting Habitats ◽

Seasonally Flooded

Amazonia comprises a mosaic of contrasting habitats, with wide environmental heterogeneity at local and regional scales. In central Amazonia, upland forest (terra firme) is the predominant forest type and seasonally flooded forests inundated by white- and black-water rivers (várzea and igapó, respectively) represent around 20% of the forested areas. In this work, we took advantage of a natural spatial arrangement of the main vegetation types in central Amazonia to investigate butterfly assemblage structure in terra firme, várzea and igapó forests at the local scale. We sampled in the low- and high-water seasons, combining active and passive sampling with traps placed in both the understory and canopy. Terra firme supported the highest number of butterfly species, whereas várzea forest provided the highest number of butterfly captures. The high species richness in terra firme may reflect that this forest type is floristically richer than várzea and igapó. Várzea is a very productive environment and may thus support a higher number of butterfly individuals than terra firme and igapó. Most butterfly species (80.2%) were unique to a single forest type and 17 can be considered forest type indicator species in this landscape. Floodplain forest environments are therefore an important complement to terra firme in terms of butterfly species richness and conservation in Amazonia.

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Species richness and diversity in shrub savanna using ordinary kriging

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2016000800008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (8) ◽

pp. 958-966 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Anderson Pedro Bernardina Batista ◽

José Márcio de Mello ◽

Marcel Régis Raimundo ◽

Henrique Ferraço Scolforo ◽

Aliny Aparecida dos Reis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Species Richness ◽

Spatial Dependence ◽

Ordinary Kriging ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Spatial Models ◽

Shannon Diversity Index ◽

Shannon Diversity ◽

Species Richness And Diversity ◽

Number Of Species

Abstract: The objective of this work was to analyze the spatial distribution and the behavior of species richness and diversity in a shrub savanna fragment, in 2003 and 2014, using ordinary kriging, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In both evaluation years, the measurements were performed in a fragment with 236.85 hectares, in which individual trees were measured and identified across 40 plots (1,000 m2). Species richness was determined by the total number of species in each plot, and diversity by the Shannon diversity index. For the variogram study, spatial models were fitted and selected. Then, ordinary kriging was applied and the spatial distribution of the assessed variables was described. A strong spatial dependence was observed between species richness and diversity by the Shannon diversity index (<25% spatial dependence degree). Areas of low and high species diversity and richness were found in the shrub savanna fragment. Spatial distribution behavior shows relative stability regarding the number of species and the Shannon diversity index in the evaluated years.

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Energy–water and seasonal variations in climate underlie the spatial distribution patterns of gymnosperm species richness in China

Ecology and Evolution ◽

10.1002/ece3.6639 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (17) ◽

pp. 9474-9485

Author(s):

Bikram Pandey ◽

Janak R. Khatiwada ◽

Lin Zhang ◽

Kaiwen Pan ◽

Mohammed A. Dakhil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Species Richness ◽

Seasonal Variations ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Spatial Distribution Patterns

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Species richness influences the spatial distribution of trees in European forests

Oikos ◽

10.1111/oik.06776 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 129 (3) ◽

pp. 380-390

Author(s):

Cristina C. Bastias ◽

Daniel A. Truchado ◽

Fernando Valladares ◽

Raquel Benavides ◽

Olivier Bouriaud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Species Richness ◽

European Forests

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Impacts of Different Tree Species of Different Sizes on Spatial Distribution of Herbaceous Plants in the Nigerian Guinea Savannah Ecological Zone

Scientifica ◽

10.1155/2015/106930 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Toma Buba

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Species Richness ◽

Open Field ◽

Tree Species ◽

Herbaceous Species ◽

Ecological Zone ◽

Vitellaria Paradoxa ◽

Parkia Biglobosa ◽

Species Richness And Diversity ◽

Individual Trees

This study was aimed at finding the impacts of different tree species and individual trees of different sizes on species richness, diversity, and composition of the herbaceous layer. All the three tree species have greatly increased species richness and diversity both within and outside their crown zones compared with the open grassland. Both species richness and diversity were found to be higher under all the three tree species than outside their crowns, which was in turn higher than the open field.Daniella oliverihas the highest species richness and diversity both within and outside its crown zone followed byVitellaria paradoxaand thenParkia biglobosa. The result also revealed that the same tree species with different sizes leads to different herbaceous species richness, diversity, and composition under and around the trees’ crowns.P. biglobosaandV. paradoxatrees with smaller sizes showed higher species richness and diversity under their crowns than the bigger ones. The dissimilarity of species composition differs between the inside and outside crown zones of the individuals of the same tree species and among the different trees species and the open field.

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Spatial distribution of the macrozoobenthos in the Solís Grande Stream estuary (Canelones-Maldonado, Uruguay)

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/s1519-69842001000300010 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 409-420 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

P. MUNIZ ◽

N. VENTURINI

Keyword(s):

Cluster Analysis ◽

Spatial Distribution ◽

Species Richness ◽

Spatial Patterns ◽

Fine Sand ◽

Present Species ◽

Multivariate Techniques ◽

Natural Factors ◽

Mean Diameter ◽

Variation Explained

The analysis of 24 quantitative macrobenthic samples taken from the Solís Grande Stream estuary yielded 10 species from a total of 4,446 individuals. It was verified that both species richness and diversity was lower than those recorded in nearby regions with similar environmental conditions. In contrast with other studies, a marked dominance of any of the present species was not verified. All the species recorded correspond to typical estuarine organisms. Abundance data were analysed with multivariate techniques and the results showed a relationship with salinity, mean diameter and the percentage of fine sand. According to the cluster analysis and the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) four groups of stations were defined. The partition out of total variation of the species data showed that the amount of variation explained by the space alone was low. Spatial patterns observed and their possible causes are analysed and discussed in relation to the natural factors that acts in this coastal ecosystem.

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