scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Lichens in Metrosideros excelsa in Northern New Zealand Urban Forests

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Gladys N. Benitez ◽  
Glenn D. Aguilar ◽  
Dan Blanchon
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Lichen Species ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Lichen Community ◽  
The North ◽  
The City ◽  
Lichen Flora

The spatial distribution of corticolous lichens on the iconic New Zealand pōhutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa) tree was investigated from a survey of urban parks and forests across the city of Auckland in the North Island of New Zealand. Lichens were identified from ten randomly selected trees at 20 sampling sites, with 10 sites classified as coastal and another 10 as inland sites. Lichen data were correlated with distance from sea, distance from major roads, distance from native forests, mean tree DBH (diameter at breast height) and the seven-year average of measured NO2 over the area. A total of 33 lichen species were found with coastal sites harboring significantly higher average lichen species per tree as well as higher site species richness. We found mild hotspots in two sites for average lichen species per tree and another two separate sites for species richness, with all hotspots at the coast. A positive correlation between lichen species richness and DBH was found. Sites in coastal locations were more similar to each other in terms of lichen community composition than they were to adjacent inland sites and some species were only found at coastal sites. The average number of lichen species per tree was negatively correlated with distance from the coast, suggesting that the characteristic lichen flora found on pōhutukawa may be reliant on coastal microclimates. There were no correlations with distance from major roads, and a slight positive correlation between NO2 levels and average lichen species per tree.

scholarly journals Successional changes in epiphytic rainforest lichens: implications for the management of rainforest communities

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon E. MORLEY ◽  
Maria GIBSON
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Lichen Species ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Cool Temperate ◽  
Bark Texture ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Temperate Rainforests ◽  
Stand Characteristics ◽  
Lichen Flora

AbstractWe explored lichen species richness and patterns of lichen succession on rough barked Nothofagus cunninghamii trees and on smooth barked Atherosperma moschatum trees in cool temperate rainforests in Victoria, Australia. Nothofagus cunninghamii trees from the Yarra Ranges, and A. moschatum trees from Errinundra were ranked into size classes (small, medium, large and extra-large), and differences in species richness and composition were compared between size classes for each tree species. Nothofagus cunninghamii supported a rich lichen flora (108 trees, 52 lichen species), with the largest trees supporting a significantly higher number of species, including many uncommon species. This success was attributed to varying bark texture, stand characteristics and microhabitat variations as the trees age. Atherosperma moschatum supported a comparable number of species (120 trees, 54 lichen species). Indeed on average, this host supported more lichen species than N. cunninghamii. However, successional patterns with increasing girth were not as clear for A. moschatum, possibly due to the more stable microclimate that this smooth barked host provided. Victorian cool temperate rainforests exist primarily as small, often isolated pockets within a sea of Eucalypt-dominated, fire-prone forest. Many are regenerating from past disturbance. We find that protection of Victoria's oldest rainforest pockets is crucial, as they represent sources of rare, potentially threatened lichen species, and may be acting as reservoirs for propagules for nearby ageing rainforests. Indeed, even single, large old trees have conservation importance, as they may provide exceptional microhabitats, not found elsewhere in the regenerating rainforest environment.

scholarly journals Central Business District of St. Petersburg 1869–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-39
Author(s):  
Константин Аркадьевич Холодилин ◽  
Леонид Эдуардович Лимонов
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
City Center ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Business District ◽  
The City

The city center is at the core of urban and housing economics. Many models crucially depend on it. In a market economy, the location of urban amenities, especially eating establishments, closely correlates with that of the city center and, more generally, with the Central Business District (CBD). In a centrally planned economy, the spatial distribution of those amenities is determined by the central planner and can differ significantly from a market-based distribution. Using the case of St. Petersburg (Russia), we investigate changes in the spatial distribution of eating establishments resulting from the transition from a market economy to a centrally planned one and then again to a market economy. In addition, we explore the shifts of the city center between 1895 and 2017 using eating establishments as a proxy. The spatial distribution is analyzed using a 2-D kernel density estimation. We find evidence for a substantial reduction and dispersion of eating establishments during the Soviet period. We also establish that after the October 1917 Revolution the city center of St. Petersburg moved several kilometers to the north-east.

scholarly journals Frequency and spatial distribution of animal and object hoarder behavior in Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Graziela Ribeiro da Cunha ◽  
Camila Marinelli Martins ◽  
Marília de Fátima Ceccon-Valente ◽  
Liana Ludielli da Silva ◽  
Flavia Dias Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Spatial Cluster ◽  
Monthly Income ◽  
The North ◽  
Neighborhood Income ◽  
Overall Ratio ◽  
The City

Abstract: This study aimed to establish the frequency and spatial distribution of animal and object hoarding in Curitiba (Paraná State), the eighth most populous city in Brazil. All hoarding complaints received by the City Secretaries of Health, Environment and Social Assistance between September 2013 and April 2015 were collected (n = 226) and suspicious cases were individually investigated. A total of 113/226 (50%) of complaints were confirmed as hoarding cases, representing an overall ratio of 6.45 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in Curitiba, of which 48/113 (42.5%) involved object hoarders, 41/113 (36.3%) animal hoarders and 24/113 (21.2%) both animal and object hoarders. A correlation of total identified cases with neighborhood population density and all population stratums analyzed (total, gender, age) was significantly positive (p < 0.01), and with neighborhood mean monthly income (r = -0.2; p = 0.03) significantly negative. A spatial cluster of cases was found in the north of the city (OR = 8.57; p < 0.01). Hoarding cases were relatively frequent in Curitiba and were associated with population distribution patterns and inversely related to neighborhood income.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of seeds and juveniles of Enterolobium glaziovii Bentham (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) in the Atlantic forest, Brazil

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavio Nunes Ramos ◽  
Dalva M. Silva Matos ◽  
Flavio A.M. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Canopy Coverage ◽  
Slope Direction

The spatial distribution of fruits and juveniles of Enterolobium glaziovii Bentham were evaluated in four circular plots of 30 m radius, centered around reproductive individuals to determine whether the size of the parental crowns, topography, and canopy coverage influence these patterns. Each crown was subdivided into eight irregular triangles and the area of each was calculated. Each plot was subdivided into four sub-plots, two of them in an up-slope direction, and the other two in a down-slope direction. The canopy coverage for each plot was estimated at breast height (1.30 m) and at ground level, every three months during 1998. The numbers of fruits and juveniles of E. glaziovii were recorded. Although there were more fruit under the parental crown (F1,12 = 0.01; p = 0.92), there was no difference in the number of juveniles under and beyond the reproductive trees (F1,12 = 0.88; p = 0.36). There was a positive correlation between the areas of the crowns and the numbers of fruits and juveniles under them (r = 0.62; df = 14; p < 0.05). Most of the fruits and juveniles were found in the down-slope directions. The canopy coverage was lower in spring, but higher under parental crowns (only at breast height). These results indicate that the parental crown, topography and canopy coverage influenced the pattern of spatial distribution and probably also the dynamics of E. glaziovii seeds and juveniles.

Effects of Water Transported Sediment on Corticolous Lichen Communities

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Beckelhimer ◽  
T. E. Weaks
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Ohio River ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Multivariate Technique ◽  
Lichen Community ◽  
Heavy Loads

AbstractThe spatial distribution of corticolous lichens was studied along Big Seven Mile Creek (Cabell County, West Virginia, U.S.A.), a small stream that was periodically inundated by floodwaters carrying heavy loads of sediment. Lichen communities located at 0, 1.0 and 1.5 km from the confluence with the Ohio River were compared using step-wise discriminant analysis, a multivariate technique. Of the physical factors tested, the results indicated that the sediment on the tree boles was the most important factor separating the three stations and bole heights. Species richness was established to be an important mensurational variable separating stations, bole heights, and parallel and perpendicular transects. Changes observed in lichen community structure are assumed to have resulted from microclimatic variation brought about primarily by sedimentation associated with flooding. Failure of the physical factors and biotic variables to separate tree bole aspects (faces of boles in respect to the stream) indicate that abrasion and current-induced exfoliation are not important factors affecting lichen communities in the study area. Corticolous lichens occurring along streams subject to periodic inundation may represent a useful indicator in studies of flooding, water quality, and/or sedimentation in watersheds.

scholarly journals Spatial patterns of preventable perinatal mortality in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita De Cássia de Sousa Nascimento ◽  
Maria Da Conceição Nascimento Costa ◽  
José Uéleres Braga ◽  
Márcio Santos da Natividade
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Spatial Distribution Pattern ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The City

OBJECTIVE To identify the spatial distribution patterns and areas of higher risk of preventable perinatal mortality in the city of Salvador, State of Bahia, Brazil. METHODS We carried out a spatial aggregated study in 2007, considering the weighting areas (census tracts contiguous sets) of Salvador, of which the center and north present low life conditions. Data were obtained from national vital statistics systems and the 2010 Census. Addresses of live births and stillbirths were geocoded by weighting area. The spatial distribution of the perinatal mortality rate was analyzed from thematic maps. Spatial dependence was evaluated by the Global and Local Geary’s and Moran’s Indexes. RESULTS Crude and smoothed perinatal mortality rates were high in areas situated to the north, west, and in center of Salvador. The smoothed rates in weighting areas ranged from 4.9/1,000 to 22.3/1,000 births. Of all perinatal deaths, 92.1% could have been prevented. We identified spatial dependence for preventable perinatal mortality for care in pregnancy, with neighboring areas with high risk in the north of the city. CONCLUSIONS The preventability potential of perinatal mortality was high in Salvador, in 2007. The spatial distribution pattern with higher rates in disadvantaged areas of the city suggests the existence of social inequalities in health. The characteristics of the process of urban development of Salvador, which has inadequate prenatal care, possibly influenced the magnitude and spatial distribution pattern of this mortality.

scholarly journals Modelling ground motion in the Hutt Valley, New Zealand

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 190-199
Author(s):  
Shu Qin Ma ◽  
Martha Savage ◽  
Jiashun Yu
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Synthetic Seismograms ◽  
Spectral Ratios ◽  
Amplification Factors ◽  
Earthquake Scenarios ◽  
Seismic Arrays ◽  
Ground Motion Amplification ◽  
The North ◽  
The City

The Hutt Valley is an alluvial basin that hosts the city of Lower Hutt, in the North Island, New Zealand. The basin is bounded by the Wellington Fault on its northwest side, and exhibits ground motion amplification factors up to about 15, measured by several seismic experiments using weak motion and portable seismic arrays during 1990-1991. Synthetic seismograms computed by using local 1D stratigraphic models under each station reproduce qualitatively the amplitudes and durations of the corresponding observed seismograms at most of the soft site stations of the arrays. Amplification factors estimated from spectral ratios of the synthetic seismograms are up to about 9. The authors present comparisons of amplification between synthetics and observations, allowing a “calibration” of the model so that it could be used to determine more realistic ground amplifications for earthquake scenarios.

Model Experiments on the Site of Rongotai Aerodrome, Wellington, New Zealand

1938 ◽  
Vol 42 (326) ◽  
pp. 165-172
Author(s):  
C. I. Kidson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Model Experiments ◽  
The North ◽  
Venturi Effect ◽  
Atmospheric Disturbances ◽  
Cook Strait ◽  
Open Ground ◽  
Northern Shore ◽  
The City

Wellington, the capital city of New Zealand, is situated in the south of the North Island, among the mountainous masses 2,000ft., high which form the northern shore of Cook Strait. The winds in this latitude are strong and persistent, and this, combined with the venturi effect of the Straits, gives-Wellington a very boisterous climate. The average run of wind per 24 hours is 310 miles and the average number of gales of force 8 or over is in excess of 60 per annum. There is little open ground near the city, and there is no aerodrome site within 30 miles which is free from atmospheric disturbances or topographical defects.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of dengue in the city of Cruzeiro, São Paulo State, Brazil: use of geoprocessing tools

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 261-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Marzzano de Carvalho ◽  
Luiz Fernando Costa Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Kernel Estimation ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Thematic Maps ◽  
P Values ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
The North ◽  
The City

The aim of this article is to identify patterns in spatial distribution of cases of dengue fever that occurred in the municipality of Cruzeiro, State of São Paulo, in 2006. This is an ecological and exploratory study using the tools of spatial analysis in the preparation of thematic maps with data from Sinan-Net. An analysis was made by area, taking as unit the IBGE census, the analysis included four months in 2006 which show the occurrence of the disease in the city. The thematic maps were constructed by TerraView 3.3.1 software, the same software provided the values of the indicators of Global Moran (I M) every month and the Kernel estimation. In the year 2006, 691 cases of dengue were georeferenced (with a rate of 864.2 cases/100,000 inhabitants); the indicators of Moran and p-values obtained were I M = 0.080 (March) p = 0.11; I M = 0.285 (April) p = 0.01; I M = 0.201 (May) p = 0.01 and I M = 0.002 (June) p = 0.57. The first cases were identified in the Northeast and Central areas of Cruzeiro and the recent cases, in the North, Northeast and Central. It was possible to identify census tracts where the epidemic began and how it occurred temporally and spatially in the city.

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