scholarly journals Fetal adrenal artery velocimetry measurements in appropriate-for-gestational age and intrauterine growth-restricted fetuses

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tekay ◽  
P. Jouppila
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age

Comparison of Phototherapy Results in Small-for-Gestational-Age and Appropriate-for-Gestational-Age Infants Weighing Less Than 2,000 Grams

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-441
Author(s):  
Joan E. Hodgman ◽  
Paul Y. K. Wu ◽  
Nathaniel B. White ◽  
Dolores A. Bryla
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Similar Weight ◽  
Gestational Age At Birth ◽  
Evaluation Techniques

The infant who is small for gestational age (SGA) is more mature at birth than similar weight infants who are appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Whether the SGA infant behaves as does the larger gestationally equivalent infant, or whether there are specific changes related to intrauterine growth retardation is a matter of some interest in the understanding of the special needs of these infants. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) phototherapy study provided a large newborn population for whom birth weight, gestational age at birth, and, thereby, intrauterine growth were carefully assessed. Infants who weighed 2,000 g or more at birth were included in the study only when they became jaundiced, whereas infants who weighed less than 2,000 g at birth were routinely entered into the study. Consequently, this report will be limited to the lowbirth-weight population selected by birth weight. Too few SGA babies were present in the groups with greater birth weight to allow meaningful comparisons. PATIENT SELECTIQN All infants whose birth weight was less than 2,000 g were entered into the study at 24 ± 12 hours. Those excluded from the study were: (1) infants who died before 24 hours, (2) infants with serious congenital defects, and (3) infants whose mothers refused consent for study. The study population consisted of 922 infants surviving at 24 hours. Gestational age was calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period obtained from maternal history and also by the evaluation techniques of Dubowitz.25 Intrauterine growth was determined by plotting birth weight and gestational age on the Denver Intrauterine Growth Curves8; infants below the 10th percentile were considered SGA.

125I-human epidermal growth factor specific binding to placentas and fetal membranes from various pregnancy states

1988 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen E. Hofmann ◽  
Ch. V. Rao ◽  
Fred R. Carman ◽  
Tariq A. Siddiqi
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Fetal Membrane ◽  
Fetal Membranes ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Class A ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Epidermal Growth ◽  
Twin Pregnancies

Abstract. Specific binding of 125I-human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) to homogenates of term human placentas and fetal membranes from normal and appropriate for gestational age (N = 20), intrauterine growth retarded (N = 9), twin (N = 11), White class A/B diabetic (N = 12), and large for gestational age (N = 13) pregnancies was measured. In all pregnancy states, placentas bound approximately four times more 125I-hEGF than did fetal membranes (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in 125I-hEGF binding to fetal membranes from the various pregnancy states (P > 0.05). 125I-hEGF specific binding to placentas from intrauterine growth retarded or twin pregnancies was significantly greater compared with placentas from normal and appropriate for gestational age pregnancies (P < 0.05). The binding to placentas from pregnancies complicated by White class A/B diabetes or large for gestational age infants, on the other hand, was not significantly different from that to placentas from normal and appropriate for gestational age pregnancies. 125I-hEGF specific binding did not differ between placentas from intrauterine growth retarded or twin pregnancies (P > 0.05). Placental and fetal membrane 125I-hEGF binding did not vary with fetal sex, maternal race, placental weight, or gestational age between 37 to 42 weeks (P > 0.05). Placental but not fetal membrane 125I-hEGF binding increased with increasing infant weight when appropriate for gestational age and large for gestational age infants were included (P < 0.05, r = 0.38, N = 32) but not for intrauterine growth retarded, appropriate for gestational age, or large for gestational age infants alone.

scholarly journals AMPK activation in pregnant human myometrial arteries from high-altitude and intrauterine growth-restricted pregnancies

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (1) ◽  
pp. H203-H212
Author(s):  
Ramón A. Lorca ◽  
Christopher J. Matarazzo ◽  
Elise S. Bales ◽  
Julie A. Houck ◽  
David J. Orlicky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Ampk Activation ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) impairs infant well being and increases susceptibility to later-in-life diseases for mother and child. Our study reveals a novel role for AMPK in vasodilating the myometrial artery (MA) from women residing at high altitude (>2,500 m) with appropriate for gestational age pregnancies but not in IUGR pregnancies at any altitude.

scholarly journals Perinatal Plasma Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Concentrations in Intrauterine Growth Restriction

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Despina D. Briana ◽  
Maria Boutsikou ◽  
Stavroula Baka ◽  
George Papadopoulos ◽  
Dimitrios Gourgiotis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pregnancy Outcome ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Trophoblast Invasion ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Monocyte Chemotactic Protein ◽  
Chemotactic Protein ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age

Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) plays vital roles in immune response, angiogenesis, and pregnancy outcome. We investigated plasma MCP-1 concentrations in 40 mothers and their 20 intrauterine-growth-restricted (IUGR) and 20 appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) fetuses and neonates on postnatal days 1 (N1) and 4 (N4). Maternal and fetal MCP-1 concentrations were decreased (P<001andP= .018, resp.), whereas N1 MCP-1 concentrations were elevated in IUGR group (P= .012). In both groups, fetal MCP-1 concentrations were lower compared to N1 and N4 ones (P= .045,P= .012, resp., for AGA,P<.001 in each case for IUGR). Reduced maternal and fetal MCP-1 concentrations in IUGR may reflect failure of trophoblast invasion, suggesting that down-regulation of MCP-1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of IUGR. Increased MCP-1 concentrations in IUGR neonates and higher postnatal ones in all infants may be attributed to gradual initiation of ex utero angiogenesis, which is possibly enhanced in IUGR.

Maternal zinc and intrauterine growth retardation

1985 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Simmer ◽  
R. P. H. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Group I ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Zinc Levels

1. The levels of zinc in plasma, erythrocytes, polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear (MN) white cells were measured after delivery in women giving birth to appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) babies (group I mothers), or small-for-gestational-age (SGA) babies (group II mothers) and in non-pregnant controls. 2. Mean maternal plasma zinc and albumin levels 24-48 h after delivery were lower than in controls, but PMN and MN zinc levels were unchanged. PMN zinc levels were lower than those of MN cells. 3. PMN and MN zinc levels were significantly lower in group II mothers than in group I, irrespective of smoking habits. There were no racial differences in peripheral white cell zinc levels. 4. PMN, and to a lesser degree MN, zinc levels were lower in smoking than in non-smoking mothers. 5. Erythrocyte zinc did not correlate with other zinc measurements nor with the size of the babies. Fetal erythrocyte zinc levels were one-third of maternal levels. 6. A combination of smoking and/or low PMN zinc levels selects 85% of mothers having small-for-gestational-age babies.

scholarly journals Maternal Smoking, Intrauterine Growth Restriction, and Placental Apoptosis

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Vogt Isaksen ◽  
Rigmor Austgulen ◽  
Lisa Chedwick ◽  
Pål Romundstad ◽  
Lars Vatten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Tunel Method ◽  
Cytokeratin 18 ◽  
University Of Pittsburgh ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Syncytiotrophoblast Layer

Pregnant women who smoke are at greater risk of delivering a growth-restricted infant than nonsmoking mothers. We wanted to see if apoptosis could be involved in the mechanisms behind smoke-induced growth restriction, and our aim was to compare apoptosis in the placenta of smoking mothers giving birth to growth-restricted infants and nonsmoking mothers with infants of appropriate weight. The project was conducted at the Magee—Womens Hospital and Magee—Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA. Histological sections from 20 placentas were selected from smoking mothers who had given birth to small-for-gestational-age infants (birth weight ≤ 2 SD). The controls were gestational-age matched nonsmoking mothers with infants having appropriate-for-gestational-age weight. The TUNEL method was used to demonstrate DNA fragmentation in nuclei, and a monoclonal antibody M30, specific for a neo-epitope on cytokeratin 18, was used to identify apoptotic epithelial cells. The positive nuclei (TUNEL) and positive cells (M30-positive cytoplasm) were counted blindly both in villous tissue and in decidual/basal plate tissue. M30-positive cells in villous tissues were significantly increased in placentas from smoking mothers compared to nonsmoking mothers. When evaluated by the TUNEL method, the difference between the two groups of women was not significant. Our study shows that apoptosis was increased in the placentas of smoking mothers with growth-restricted infants. The difference between the two groups was mainly in the syncytiotrophoblast layer and in connection with perivillous fibrin deposition. Cigarette smoke with reduction in blood flow has previously been shown to increase apoptosis, and it is possible that this could be one of the mechanisms playing a role in the growth restriction.

Hemostatic Parameters in Newborn - I. Effect of Gestation and Rate of Intrauterine Growth

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (01) ◽  
pp. 047-050 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Dube ◽  
R K Dube ◽  
V Bhargava ◽  
J K Kolindewala ◽  
V L N Kota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plasma Fibrinogen ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
History Of ◽  
Preterm Babies ◽  
Preterm Newborns

SummaryThe present study comprises of 208 term, 159 preterm and 18 post-term neonates born to mothers with no history of drug intake or any disease likely to effect coagulation of the newborn. PT, TT and KCCT were relatively prolonged and plasma fibrinogen reduced to varying degree in newborns (as compared to adults). There was further prolongation of TT and reduction in plasma fibrinogen levels amongst preterm newborns as compared to term babies; TT was more prolonged amongst post-term babies also. PT was significantly more prolonged till 30 weeks of gestation, after which a near plateau was formed. KCCT showed significant improvement after 33 weeks and a further trend to normalisation after 38 weeks of gestation. Serum FDP values showed too much of variation for any meaningful statistical analysis but generally FDPs were higher in preterm babies. Intrauterine growth rate had no significant effect on these parameters amongst preterms -similar values for SGA (small for gestational age), AGA (appropriate for gestational age) and LGA (large for gestational age). On the other hand, amongst term babies SGA neonates had significantly prolonged PT and low plasma fibrinogen as compared to AGA; LGA babies also showed more prolongation of TT as compared to AGA.

scholarly journals Placental Transport of Leucine, Phenylalanine, Glycine, and Proline in Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Pregnancies

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (11) ◽  
pp. 5427-5432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinzia L. Paolini ◽  
Anna Maria Marconi ◽  
Stefania Ronzoni ◽  
Michela Di Noio ◽  
Paul V. Fennessey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Enrichment Ratio ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Fetal Blood Sampling ◽  
Placental Transport ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age

l-[1-13C]Leucine,[ 1-13C]glycine, l-[1-13C]phenylalanine, and l-[1-13C]proline were infused as a bolus into the maternal circulation of seven appropriate for gestational age at 30.3 ± 3.0 wk and 7 intrauterine growth-restricted pregnancies at 26.5 ± 1.0 wk gestation to investigate placental transport in vivo. Umbilical venous samples were obtained at the time of in utero fetal blood sampling at 450± 74 sec from the bolus injection. In normal pregnancies the fetal/maternal (F/M) enrichment ratios for leucine (0.76 ± 0.06) and phenylalanine (0.77 ± 0.06) were higher (P &lt; 0.01) than the F/M ratios for glycine (0.18 ± 0.04) and proline (0.22 ± 0.02). This suggests that these two essential amino acids rapidly cross the placenta in vivo. Compared with the essentials, both glycine and proline had significantly lower F/M enrichment ratios, which were not different from each other. The results support the hypothesis that amino acids with high affinity for exchange transporters cross the placenta most rapidly. In intrauterine growth-restricted pregnancies, the F/M enrichment ratio was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.01) for l-[1-13C]leucine (0.76 ± 0.06 vs. 0.48 ± 0.07) and for l-[1-13C]phenylalanine (0.77 ± 0.06 vs. 0.46 ± 0.07) compared with appropriate for gestational age pregnancies reflecting impaired transplacental flux. The F/M enrichment ratio did not differ for[ 1-13C]glycine (0.18 ± 0.04 vs. 0.17 ± 0.03), and l-[1-13C]proline (0.22 ± 0.02 vs. 0.18 ± 0.04).

Direct measurement of gluconeogenesis from [2,3]13C2]alanine in the human neonate

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (6) ◽  
pp. E615-E621 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Frazer ◽  
I. E. Karl ◽  
L. S. Hillman ◽  
D. M. Bier
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Constant Infusion ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Human Newborn ◽  
Human Neonate ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age

The functional integrity of the gluconeogenic pathway was measured in nine term infants, four appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA), and five normoglycemic small-for-gestational age (SGA), by determination of 13C2 enrichment in blood glucose during the constant infusion of tracer [2,3]13C2]alanine between 4 and 8 h of postnatal age. Alanine flux, calculated from the steady-state blood [2,3-13C2]alanine enrichment was 16.6 +/- 1.3 (SE) (mumol.kg-1.min-1 in the AGA infants and not statistically different from the value of 15.3 +/- 0.7 mumol.kg-1.min-1 in the SGA infants. Alanine flux did not correlate with blood alanine level in either group. By 6 h of age, the earliest sampling time, there was 13C2 enrichment of blood glucose in every infant studied, indicating that the gluconeogenic pathway was functionally intact by that time and implying that it was operative sooner. At 8 h of age, 9.3 +/- 2.3% of blood glucose was derived from alanine in the AGA group and 12.9 +/- 2.4% in the SGA group, values not statistically different. These data indicate that the term human newborn has a functional gluconeogenic pathway very early in postnatal life and that intrauterine growth retardation per se does not impair maturation of the system. Furthermore, the plasma alanine level alone is a poor index of gluconeogenic carbon flow in these infants.

scholarly journals Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-I and Insulin in Normal and Growth-Restricted Mother/Infant Pairs

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariadne Malamitsi-Puchner ◽  
Despina D. Briana ◽  
Dimitrios Gourgiotis ◽  
Maria Boutsikou ◽  
Karl-Philipp Puchner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Positive Correlations

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and insulin are essential for fetal growth. We investigated perinatal changes of both factors in 40 mothers and their 20 appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) and 20 intrauterine-growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses and neonates on day 1 (N1) and day 4 (N4) postpartum. Fetal and N1, but not N4, IGF-I levels were increased in AGA (P<.001andP=.037, resp.). N1 insulin levels were lower in IUGR (P=.048). Maternal, fetal, and N1 IGF-I, and fetal insulin levels positively correlated with customized centiles (r=.374,P=.035,r=.608,P<.001,r=.485,P=.006, andr=.654,P=.021, resp.). Female infants presented elevated fetal and N4 IGF-I levels (P=.023andP=.016, resp.). Positive correlations of maternal, fetal, and neonatal IGF-I levels, and fetal insulin levels with customized centiles underline implication of both hormones in fetal growth. IUGR infants present gradually increasing IGF-I levels. Higher IGF-I levels are documented in females.

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