Direct measurement of gluconeogenesis from [2,3]13C2]alanine in the human neonate

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (6) ◽  
pp. E615-E621 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Frazer ◽  
I. E. Karl ◽  
L. S. Hillman ◽  
D. M. Bier
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Constant Infusion ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Human Newborn ◽  
Human Neonate ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age

The functional integrity of the gluconeogenic pathway was measured in nine term infants, four appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA), and five normoglycemic small-for-gestational age (SGA), by determination of 13C2 enrichment in blood glucose during the constant infusion of tracer [2,3]13C2]alanine between 4 and 8 h of postnatal age. Alanine flux, calculated from the steady-state blood [2,3-13C2]alanine enrichment was 16.6 +/- 1.3 (SE) (mumol.kg-1.min-1 in the AGA infants and not statistically different from the value of 15.3 +/- 0.7 mumol.kg-1.min-1 in the SGA infants. Alanine flux did not correlate with blood alanine level in either group. By 6 h of age, the earliest sampling time, there was 13C2 enrichment of blood glucose in every infant studied, indicating that the gluconeogenic pathway was functionally intact by that time and implying that it was operative sooner. At 8 h of age, 9.3 +/- 2.3% of blood glucose was derived from alanine in the AGA group and 12.9 +/- 2.4% in the SGA group, values not statistically different. These data indicate that the term human newborn has a functional gluconeogenic pathway very early in postnatal life and that intrauterine growth retardation per se does not impair maturation of the system. Furthermore, the plasma alanine level alone is a poor index of gluconeogenic carbon flow in these infants.

Cord blood galectin-1 and -3 concentrations in term pregnancies with normal restricted and increased fetal growth

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodora Boutsikou ◽  
Maria Giotaki ◽  
Maria Boutsikou ◽  
Despina D. Briana ◽  
Stavroula Baka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Angiogenic Activity ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age

AbstractTo determine levels of galectins (gal)-1 and -3 (implicated in angiogenesis/immunologic mechanisms) in intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR), large (LGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) pregnancies, as these groups differ in fat mass, angiogenic patterns and immune responses.Cord-blood (UC) gal-1 and -3 concentrations were measured in 30 IUGR, 30 LGA and 20 AGA singleton full-term infants and their mothers (MS).IUGR, LGA and AGA groups did not differ in gal-1 and -3 concentrations. UC gal-1 levels were lower when mothers were older [b=–0.651, CI 95% –1.186 (–0.116), P=0.018] and UC gal-3 levels were increased when mothers presented gestational diabetes [b=9.836, CI 95% 3.833- (15.839), P=0.002].In IUGRs MS gal-3 and in LGAs UC gal-1 were decreased in multiparas [b=–5.372, CI 95% -9.584- (–1.161), P=0.014], and [b=–7.540, CI 95% -14.606- (–0.473), P=0.037], respectively.No correlations were found between MS or UC gal-1 and gal-3 concentrations.Lower UC gal-1 levels, when mothers were older, and increased UC gal-3 levels in cases of gestational diabetes, possibly reflect angiogenic activity. In multiparas, decreased MS gal-3 and UC gal-1 levels in IUGR/LGA, respectively, might imply inflammatory response against immunosuppression expected in subsequent pregnancies, as compared to the first one.

Comparison of Phototherapy Results in Small-for-Gestational-Age and Appropriate-for-Gestational-Age Infants Weighing Less Than 2,000 Grams

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-441
Author(s):  
Joan E. Hodgman ◽  
Paul Y. K. Wu ◽  
Nathaniel B. White ◽  
Dolores A. Bryla
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Similar Weight ◽  
Gestational Age At Birth ◽  
Evaluation Techniques

The infant who is small for gestational age (SGA) is more mature at birth than similar weight infants who are appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Whether the SGA infant behaves as does the larger gestationally equivalent infant, or whether there are specific changes related to intrauterine growth retardation is a matter of some interest in the understanding of the special needs of these infants. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) phototherapy study provided a large newborn population for whom birth weight, gestational age at birth, and, thereby, intrauterine growth were carefully assessed. Infants who weighed 2,000 g or more at birth were included in the study only when they became jaundiced, whereas infants who weighed less than 2,000 g at birth were routinely entered into the study. Consequently, this report will be limited to the lowbirth-weight population selected by birth weight. Too few SGA babies were present in the groups with greater birth weight to allow meaningful comparisons. PATIENT SELECTIQN All infants whose birth weight was less than 2,000 g were entered into the study at 24 ± 12 hours. Those excluded from the study were: (1) infants who died before 24 hours, (2) infants with serious congenital defects, and (3) infants whose mothers refused consent for study. The study population consisted of 922 infants surviving at 24 hours. Gestational age was calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period obtained from maternal history and also by the evaluation techniques of Dubowitz.25 Intrauterine growth was determined by plotting birth weight and gestational age on the Denver Intrauterine Growth Curves8; infants below the 10th percentile were considered SGA.

scholarly journals Iodine and iodothyronine content in human neonate thyroid gland

2002 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Savin-Zegarac ◽  
Dubravka Cvejic ◽  
Olgica Nedic ◽  
R. Radosavljevic ◽  
Ivana Petrovic
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Total Iodine ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Human Neonate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Human Neonates

A few years after the iodine content of salt in Serbia was increased from 7 to 15 mg/kg NaCI, iodine, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were measured in thyroid tissue obtained at autopsy from 21 human neonates who died within 30 days after birth. The thyroidal iodine as well as T4 and T3 content per gland in?creased progressively with gestational age of human neonates (r = 0.73, 0.70 and 0.67 respectively, p < 0.001). In seven newborns (gestational age 36 to 41 weeks) the mean values for total iodine, T4 and T3 per gland were 109.1 ?g, 52.2 ?g and 4.4 ?g respectively. The results of iodine and iodothyroninc content found in neonatal thyroid gland, particularly at the end of gestation and a few days of postnatal life, indicates that the iodine supply was satisfactory.

125I-human epidermal growth factor specific binding to placentas and fetal membranes from various pregnancy states

1988 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen E. Hofmann ◽  
Ch. V. Rao ◽  
Fred R. Carman ◽  
Tariq A. Siddiqi
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Fetal Membrane ◽  
Fetal Membranes ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Class A ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Epidermal Growth ◽  
Twin Pregnancies

Abstract. Specific binding of 125I-human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) to homogenates of term human placentas and fetal membranes from normal and appropriate for gestational age (N = 20), intrauterine growth retarded (N = 9), twin (N = 11), White class A/B diabetic (N = 12), and large for gestational age (N = 13) pregnancies was measured. In all pregnancy states, placentas bound approximately four times more 125I-hEGF than did fetal membranes (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in 125I-hEGF binding to fetal membranes from the various pregnancy states (P > 0.05). 125I-hEGF specific binding to placentas from intrauterine growth retarded or twin pregnancies was significantly greater compared with placentas from normal and appropriate for gestational age pregnancies (P < 0.05). The binding to placentas from pregnancies complicated by White class A/B diabetes or large for gestational age infants, on the other hand, was not significantly different from that to placentas from normal and appropriate for gestational age pregnancies. 125I-hEGF specific binding did not differ between placentas from intrauterine growth retarded or twin pregnancies (P > 0.05). Placental and fetal membrane 125I-hEGF binding did not vary with fetal sex, maternal race, placental weight, or gestational age between 37 to 42 weeks (P > 0.05). Placental but not fetal membrane 125I-hEGF binding increased with increasing infant weight when appropriate for gestational age and large for gestational age infants were included (P < 0.05, r = 0.38, N = 32) but not for intrauterine growth retarded, appropriate for gestational age, or large for gestational age infants alone.

The Effect of Oral Alanine on Blood Glucose and Glucagon in the Human Newborn Infant

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-81
Author(s):  
R. H. Fiser ◽  
P. R. Williams ◽  
D. A. Fisher ◽  
P. V. DeLameter ◽  
M. A. Sperling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Cell Secretion ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Human Newborn ◽  
Glucagon And Insulin ◽  
Insulin Responses

Plasma, glucose, glucagon, and insulin responses to oral feedings of l-alanine were assessed in 44 healthy term infants during the first three days of life. Alanine administration produced significant increases in glucagon and glucose concentrations on day 1, but not on days 2 and 3. These increases occurred within 30 minutes (mean and SEM for glucagon, 127 ± 7 to 219 ± 16 pg/ml, P &lt; 0.001; glucose, 45 ± 3 to 60 ± 7 mg/100 ml, P &lt; 0.01) and persisted at the P &lt; 0.05 level at four hours. Responsiveness to alanine seemed to be related to the baseline blood glucose levels since constant infusions of glucose inhibited the response. These results indicate that the pancreatic islet alpha cell secretion mechanism(s) is functioning in the newborn.

Neonatal Polycythemia: I. Early Diagnosis and Incidence Relating to Time of Sampling

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mordechai Shohat ◽  
Paul Merlob ◽  
Salomon H. Reisner
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Blood Viscosity ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Peripheral Vein ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age

The dynamic changes occurring in hematocrit and blood viscosity within the first 18 hours of life were studied in 50 full-term infants who were vaginally delivered and had weight appropriate for gestational age. In all cases, the cord was clamped within 30 seconds and cord blood was collected from the vein and artery. Subsequently, samples were taken from a peripheral vein at ages 15 minutes, and 2, 4, 6, and between 12 to 18 hours. Both the Hct and blood viscosity reach their peak at age 2 hours. The incidence of neonatal polycythemia varied greatly with age. Thus at the age of 2 hours, ten infants (20%) were polycythemic, whereas by age 6 hours only six (12%) of these infants were still polycythemic and by age 12 to 18 hours only one infant (2%) was polycythemic. A linear correlation was found between cord Hct levels and peripheral venous Hct levels by age 2 hours. None of the infants with cord blood Hct levels ≤56% had developed polycythemia, whereas ten of the 12 infants with cord Hct levels &gt;56% developed polycythemia. In this particular group of infants, cord blood Hct levels may be used for the screening of neonatal polycythemia.

Alveolar Macrophages in Perinatal Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Alenghat ◽  
John R. Esterly
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Pulmonary Lesions ◽  
Neonatal Lung

The presence of alveolar macrophages in the neonatal lung at the time of autopsy is correlated with the presence of pulmonary lesions and with the duration of postnatal life. Alveolar macrophages were noted at 20 weeks of gestation in infants with congenital pneumonia, but were not present in most full-term infants who were stillborn. They were found in nearly all infants who survived for 48 hours irrespective of pulmonary lesions or gestational age.

scholarly journals INTRAUTERINE GROWTH AND THE VITAMIN E STATUS OF FULL-TERM AND PRETERM NEWBORNS

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyne Batista da Silva ◽  
Jeane Franco Pires Medeiros ◽  
Mayara Santa Rosa Lima ◽  
Amanda Michelly Braga da Mata ◽  
Eva Débora de Oliveira Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Cord Serum ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Gestational Age At Birth

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the concentration of alpha-tocopherol in umbilical cord serum of full-term and preterm newborns, in order to assess the nutritional status of both groups in relation to the vitamin and its possible correlation with intrauterine growth. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study conducted with 140 newborns, of which 64 were preterm and 76 were full-term. They did not have any malformations, they came from healthy mothers, who were nonsmokers, and delivered a single baby. Intrauterine growth was evaluated by weight-to-gestational age at birth, using Intergrowth-21st. Thealpha-tocopherol levels of umbilical cord serum were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Results: The mean concentration of alpha-tocopherol in umbilical cord serum for preterm and full-term infants was 263.3±129.5 and 247.0±147.6 µg/dL (p=0.494). In the preterm group, 23% were small for gestational age, whereas in the full-term group, this percentage was only 7% (p=0.017). Low levels of vitamin E were found in 95.3% of preterm infants and 92.1% of full-term infants. There was no correlation between alpha-tocopherol levels and weight to gestational age Z score (p=0.951). Conclusions: No association was found between alpha-tocopherol levels and weight to gestational age at birth. Intrauterine growth restriction was more frequent in preterm infants and most infants had low levels of vitamin E at the time of delivery.

scholarly journals Leptin levels at birth and in early postnatal life in small- and appropriate-for-gestational-age infants

Medicina ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Valūnienė ◽  
Rasa Verkauskienė ◽  
Margaret Boguszewski ◽  
Jovanna Dahlgren ◽  
Danutė Lašienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Abrupt Decrease ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Early Postnatal Life ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study was to evaluate leptin concentration at birth and in early postnatal life in small- and appropriate-for-gestational-age infants and to assess its relationship with infants’ anthropometry at birth and some characteristics of maternal pregnancy. Materials and methods. A total of 367 infants born after 32–42 weeks of gestation were enrolled in the study. Umbilical cord blood samples were collected from 80 small- and 287 appropriate- for-gestational-age newborns. Altogether, 166 venous blood samples were taken from these neonates on days 2–6 of life. Results. Cord leptin levels were significantly lower in small- compared to appropriate-forgestational- age infants. We observed a positive correlation between cord leptin and birth weight, all neonatal anthropometric parameters, placental weight, and some maternal nutritional factors. In multivariate analysis, cord leptin concentration explained up to 15% of the variation in sum of newborn’s skinfold thickness but only 5% of the variation in birth weight. Postnatally, leptin concentration decreased markedly to the similar low levels in both infant groups and remained so during the first postnatal week. Conclusions. Significantly lower cord leptin concentration in small-for-gestational-age neonates reflects a lower fat mass content compared to appropriate-for-gestational-age infants. However, an abrupt decrease in leptin levels shortly after birth in both groups suggests that placenta could be an important source of leptin in fetal circulation. The impact of low leptin levels at birth in small-for-gestational-age infants on their postnatal appetite and weight gain remains to be elucidated in future studies.

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