Does the World Trade Organization Care about Ecosystem Health? The Case of Trade in Agricultural Products

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. Buckingham
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Ecosystem Health ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
The World

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTATION REGIONALIZATION PRINCIPLE BASED ON SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY (SPS) AGREEMENT ACCORDING TO VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES (VCLT) OF 1969

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Velicia Theoartha Manalu ◽  
Sinta Dewi Rosadi ◽  
Prita Amalia
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
International Guidelines ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Animal Trade

<em>The practice of the regionalization principle in Article 6 Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement is still conflicted. This is because of several cases regarding the members misinterpretation of international guidelines in the regionalization principle, such as India – Agricultural Products and Russia – Pigs (EU). Recently, Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (Covid-19) has been considered to affect animal trade. Such conditions prompt the World Trade Organization (WTO)  to recommend the Members to take SPS Measures to protect their domestic market. However, the trade would be inhibited in case the country-wide ban approach is applied. Therefore, this paper discusses the possible SPS measures under the regionalization principle to promote the trade during the pandemic according to WTO decisions from previous cases in line with the VCLT of 1969. The research result shows that the Covid-19 is an obstacle to international trade and makes humans and animals vulnerable to this virus. Consequently, many animal trades have been banned to prevent its spread. To deal with this condition, Indonesia could apply the regionalization principle in Article 6 SPS Agreement. Moreover, the government should update the quarantine law by pointing out the regionalization principle, unlike the zone system rules only applied to animals susceptible to Food Mouth Disease</em>

Special Safeguard Mechanism for Agriculture: Implications for Developing Members at the World Trade Organization

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 835-859
Author(s):  
Abhijit Das ◽  
Sachin Kumar Sharma ◽  
Raihan Akhter ◽  
Teesta Lahiri
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Policy Space ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
The World ◽  
Safeguard Mechanism ◽  
Tariff Reductions

Abstract With rising levels of food and livelihood insecurity among poor farmers, many developing members at the World Trade Organization (WTO) are demanding a special safeguard mechanism (SSM) for shielding their agriculture from import surges and price declines. Similar to special agricultural safeguards (SSGs) which are available only to some members, SSM seeks to provide flexibility to developing members to breach the bound tariff in special cases of import surges and price dips. In this context, this study identifies the agricultural products facing import surges in eight selected developing members. The study evaluates the policy space available to selected members in terms of tariff overhang under their existing schedules as well as proposed tariff reductions under agriculture negotiations. Besides this, it critically scrutinizes various issues such as cross-check conditions, triggers and remedies in order to highlight the sensitivities of developing members in accessibility, effectiveness, and other technical aspects of SSM.

scholarly journals China’s trade competitiveness in the area of agricultural products after the implementation of the World Trade Organization commitments

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
 Fojtíková Lenka
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Revealed Comparative Advantage ◽  
The World

The paper provides evidence on the implementation of China’s trade commitments into its institutional and legal environment, which influenced its agricultural trade. The contribution to the trade balance index and the revealed comparative advantage index are used for the identification of changes in China’s export competitiveness in agricultural products between 2001 and 2015. The World Trade Organization (WTO) trade liberalisation, followed by changes in the structure of economy, contributed to China building a trade deficit in the area of the agricultural products and losing competitiveness in some products. China gradually liberalised its agricultural trade in compliance with the WTO commitments. However, relatively high protection or state regulation of the domestic market has remained in products that China exports with a revealed comparative disadvantage. The existence of the state trading can also have a negative impact on the results of China’s revealed comparative advantage in its exports of agricultural products.

scholarly journals Chile – Price Band System and Safeguard Measures Relating to Certain Agricultural Products

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (S1) ◽  
pp. 133-157
Author(s):  
Kyle Bagwell ◽  
Alan O. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Band System ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Oil Seeds ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Safeguard Measures ◽  
The World ◽  
Gatt 1994

This study addresses the dispute brought to the World Trade Organization (WTO) by Argentina concerning certain Chilean measures affecting the importation of wheat, wheat flour, oil seeds, edible vegetable oils and sugar. The complaint by Argentina challenged two types of policies – a “price band system” that was applicable to four of those product categories, and safeguards measures that were applicable to three of them. The WTO panel ruled in favor of Argentina on both sets of measures. It found that the price band system violated Article IV of the Agriculture Agreement and Article II of GATT 1994. The safeguards measures, according to the panel, violated various provisions of the Safeguards Agreement, as well as Article XIX of GATT 1994. Chile elected not to appeal the panel ruling regarding the safeguards measures, but did appeal the adverse finding as to the price band system.

Russian Policy of Agriculture Support and the Necessity of Its Modification after WTO Accession

2012 ◽  
pp. 132-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Uzun
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Wto Accession ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Agriculture Support

The article deals with the features of the Russian policy of agriculture support in comparison with the EU and the US policies. Comparative analysis is held considering the scales and levels of collective agriculture support, sources of supporting means, levels and mechanisms of support of agricultural production manufacturers, its consumers, agrarian infrastructure establishments, manufacturers and consumers of each of the principal types of agriculture production. The author makes an attempt to estimate the consequences of Russia’s accession to the World Trade Organization based on a hypothesis that this will result in unification of the manufacturers and consumers’ protection levels in Russia with the countries that have long been WTO members.

A Decade of the World Trade Organization and the Trade Performance of Muslim Countries

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-44
Author(s):  
Ruzita Mohd. Amin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Merchandise Trade ◽  
Wto Agreements

The World Trade Organization (WTO), established on 1 January 1995 as a successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), has played an important role in promoting global free trade. The implementation of its agreements, however, has not been smooth and easy. In fact this has been particularly difficult for developing countries, since they are expected to be on a level playing field with the developed countries. After more than a decade of existence, it is worth looking at the WTO’s impact on developing countries, particularly Muslim countries. This paper focuses mainly on the performance of merchandise trade of Muslim countries after they joined the WTO. I first analyze their participation in world merchandise trade and highlight their trade characteristics in general. This is then followed by a short discussion on the implications of WTO agreements on Muslim countries and some recommendations on how to face this challenge.

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