TARIFAS TRUMP SOBRE O AÇO E ALUMÍNIO BRASILEIROS: ANÁLISE À LUZ DAS NORMAS MULTILATERAIS DE COMÉRCIO

O vertente artigo examina se as medidas impostas pelo governo norte-americano sobre as exportações brasileiras de artigos de aço e de alumínio (tarifas adicionais e restrições quantitativas), conhecidas como “tarifas Trump”, ainda em vigor, violam regras multilaterais de comércio internacional, particularmente do Acordo Geral de Tarifas e Comércio (GATT-1994) e do Acordo de Salvaguardas (ASG). Também cuida de analisar se tais medidas se enquadram em alguma das exceções de segurança previstas no GATT-1994. Por fim, o artigo sugere quais contramedidas poderiam ser adotadas pelo Brasil ou por outro país prejudicado pelas imposições ao amparo dos referidos tratados internacionais de comércio, caso reste configurada sua violação.

Interpretation of WTO's Panel Report on United States — Tariff Measures on Certain Goods from China and Its Enlightenment to China

The United States imposed a high tariff on importing goods from China which valued USD 34 billion and USD 200 billion respectively in 2018 and 2019. This measurement not only violated the most favored nation treatment principle, but also violated the tariff concession commitment which the US offered to China. With respect to the United States’ defence under Article XX(a) of the GATT 1994, the Panel adopted a holistic approach to determining whether the measures at issue were “necessary to protect public morals” and found that there were no relationship. The ruling has the following enlightenments: the enterprises should value the proof in WTO litigation and make use of the rules and procedures governing the settlement of disputes. Finally, the enterprises should pay more emphasis on the market of One Belt One Road to expand more trade benefits and enjoy the double win.

Subsidies and Countervailing Measures: Challenges in International Trade Law

In the global era with all demands and expectations for a better economic condition in a country that an international trade is needed. Fair competition can be carried out in competition between business actors and commodity (goods or services) in overseas with business actors and commodity (goods or services) in country. One form of creating justice in international trade competition is by providing subsidies. The issue of subsidies created the problems and disputes. The problem formulations of this research were: (1) how are the effects of subsidies and countervailing in international trade regulations? (2) how is the case analysis related to subsidies and countervailing measures according to the provisions of the GATT 1994, The SCM Agreement and other legal provisions? The results showed that (1) the effect of subsidies and countervailing measures based on their types (red light, yellow light, green light) in international trade regulations had provided clear provisions as well as the impact and limitations in implementing these provisions in accordance with the provisions. GATT 1994 and The SCM Agreement. (2) The several cases described regarding subsidies that were not allowed because they created injustice that the subsidies were only carried out in an emergency situation and their nature rescued them from an economic crisis.

Restriksi Perdagangan Internasional Atas Dasar National Security yang Dilakukan oleh Jepang terhadap Korea Selatan

National Security merupakan salah satu alasan yang dapat digunakan oleh negara untuk menyimpangi ketentuan-ketentuan dalam GATT 1994. Sebagai negara anggota WTO, alasan tersebut menjadi dasar bagi Jepang untuk memberlakukan restriksi perdagangan terhadap Korea Selatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ruang lingkup dan penerapan dari national security exception dalam GATT 1994 serta melakukan analisis terhadap tindakan yang dilakukan oleh Jepang kepada Korea Selatan. National security yang dimaksud dalam WTO adalah terkait fungsi klasik negara yaitu memelihara hukum internal dan ketertiban umum negara serta melindungi kepengtingan fisik wilayah dan penduduknya. Dalam menggunakan national security exception, fungsi klasik negara harus terancam oleh salah satu dari subparagraf Pasal XXI(b) GATT 1994 yang harus secara objektif terbukti. Dalam menerapkan restriksi perdagangan terhadap Korea Selatan, Jepang harus terlebih dahulu membuktikan secara objektif sesuai Pasal XXI(b) GATT 1994 bahwa fungsi klasik negaranya terancam.

The Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act and GATT Treaty Obligations: On a Path of Harmony or Discord?

The Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act of 2010 prescribe local content requirements to promote the patronage of Nigerian products and services by operators in the oil and gas industry. Local content requirements however appear to violate obligations under the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (1994) of which Nigeria is a member. This article examines provisions of the Act and Nigeria’s obligations under the GATT with a view to determining whether the provisions of the Act are in violation of GATT obligations, and whether those violations are covered by any of the exemptions under the GATT. The article finds that sections 10(1) (a), 11(1), 12 and 13 of the Act, which favor the use of local products and materials for projects in the oil and gas industry, contravene the national treatment obligations under Article III of GATT. The article also finds section 53 of the Act to be in violation of the obligation to ensure the general elimination of quantitative restrictions under Article XI:1 of GATT. However, the article suggests that GATT exemptions justify Nigeria’s application of local content measures in the industry. Nigeria can rely on Article XVIII of GATT to apply local content measures for the purpose of promoting economic development and improving living standards in the country. Besides, Nigeria can rely on Articles XII: 1/2 and XIX:1 of GATT to apply local content measures that restrict fabricated/welded metal products imports in order to prevent a serious decline in monetary reserves and also safeguard domestic producers of similar products from “serious injury” that may arise from the increased imports of such products. Keywords: GATT; Local content requirements; Nigeria; WTO obligations; Oil and gas industry.

SENGKETA EUROPEAN UNION DAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA PASAL 26 RED II DAN WTO

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji apakah Pasal 26 RED II Uni Eropa yang memicu kontroversi dari Indonesia konsisten dengan Perjanjian WTO yang telah diratifikasi oleh Indonesia dan Uni Eropa pada tahun 1995. Kajian ini juga bertujuan untuk melihat tindakan apa saja yang dapat diambil Indonesia. sebagai negara anggota WTO berdasarkan Perjanjian WTO. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pasal 26 RED II tidak sesuai dengan beberapa ketentuan dalam Perjanjian WTO, yaitu Pasal III GATT 1994, Pasal XI GATT 1994, dan Pasal XX GATT 1994. Sebagai anggota WTO, Indonesia di bawah Dispute Settlement Understanding of WTO dapat mengajukan pengaduan ke Dispute Settlement Body of WTO. Dalam hal Uni Eropa menolak untuk melaksanakan rekomendasi dari DSB, Indonesia dapat mengambil tindakan pembalasan.

Imposition of trade tariffs by the USA on China: implications for the WTO and international trade law

Purpose The increased integration of national economies and the belief that international trade is beneficial to societies has led to the formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), to regulate the conduct of international trade by national governments. Using US domestic legislation and case laws, as well as the provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the legality or otherwise of the recent imposition of unilateral trade tariffs by the USA on China. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a doctrinal approach through a critical review of extant legislation and case laws. Drawing from existing literature in the area of WTO and international trade law, the paper argues that the imposition of tariffs by the Trump administration is outside the scope provided for by the WTO rules. Findings The paper finds that the imposition of unilateral tariffs by the Trump Government, while in breach of US domestic legislation and case laws, as well as the country’s obligations under the GATT 1994, portends a clear danger to the continued existence of the WTO and to international trade in general. Originality/value This paper is an original study of the author, which extends the body of knowledge in the area of international trade law, by analyzing the possible implications of the imposition of trade tariffs by the USA on China and offering suggestions on how the impasse can be resolved.

Indonesia – Safeguard on Certain Iron or Steel Products

In July 2014, Indonesia implemented a safeguard tariff on galvalume, a type of galvanized flat-rolled steel. Chinese Taipei and Viet Nam challenged the measure, mainly claiming that Indonesia's administering authority failed to satisfy various substantive and procedural requirements of the GATT 1994 and the Safeguards Agreement. The Panel and AB found that the tariff was not a safeguard measure but rather was a simple increase in Indonesia's applied rate. Interestingly, Viet Nam, the largest import supplier, is a member of a free trade area with Indonesia, meaning Viet Nam is not subject to the MFN rate. Viet Nam's preferential tariff treatment likely influenced Indonesia's decision to claim the action was a safeguard. Ironically, even though the Appellate Body essentially rejected its claims, the ruling benefits Viet Nam.