The introduction of English grammar studies into China in the 19thcentury

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-96
Author(s):  
Tommaso Pellin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
English Grammar ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
Language Schools ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Key Terms

During the first half of the 19th century, Protestant missionaries based in China started teaching some English to the students attending their schools; in the second half of the century Chinese scholars opened their own language schools and wrote their grammarbooks of English.This contribution describes four of the grammarbooks for English that marked milestones in that period: Morrison’sA Grammar of the English Language(1823), Lobscheid’sChinese-English grammar(1864), Cáo Xiāng’sYīngzìrùmén(1874), and Wāng Fèngzǎo’sYīngwén jǔyú(1878). Its aim is to sketch the lines of the introduction of some of the key terms for grammar, within the theoretical framework of the phenomenon of grammatization of Chinese: the mutual influence from contemporary grammatical studies of Chinese and other languages will be highlighted.

On the issue of the British presence in Egypt: the business of “Thomas Cook and Son” in the assessment of contemporaries (the last third of the 19th century)

2021 ◽  
pp. 224-232
Author(s):  
Anna Y. Vasileva
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Civilizing Mission ◽  
Mass Tourism ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The purpose of the study is to determine how the development of the tourism business of Thomas Cook and Son in the Nile Valley influenced the perception and assessment of contemporaries of the British presence in Egypt at the end of the 19th century. The relevance of the analyzed problem lies in the fact that the study of the history of tourism in the era of New imperialism allows us to supplement our understanding of the representations of the empire and private busi-ness and their mutual influence. It is substantiated that, according to the views of contemporaries, the activities of the company contributed to the creation of conditions for the economic develop-ment of Egypt, opened these territories to the world, providing free movement along the Nile, and contributed to the spread of the English language, making this country more “civilized” in the eyes of Europeans. We conclude that, at the same time, the handbooks of the company broadcasted the achievements of the imperial policy of Great Britain, reinforcing the idea of the positive conse-quences of the British occupation for Egypt. It is concluded that the commercial success of private business became a visible manifestation of the success of the England’s civilizing mission. The research materials can be used to further study the relationship between the development of mass tourism and the colonial policy of Great Britain.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

scholarly journals Thérèse Raquin d’Émile Zola : la notion de tempérament entre l’héritage antique et l’apport de la physiologie du XIXe siècle

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Anna Kaczmarek-Wiśniewska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Xixe Siecle ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Xixe Siècle ◽  
Physiological Theory

Therese Raquin, Zola’s first important work, is based on the modern version of the old physiological theory of “temperaments”, e.g. the combination of four cardinal “humours” that determine a man’s physical and mental constitution. Through the story of two murderers, an adulterous woman and her lover who kill the woman’s husband, the author shows the mutual influence of two temperaments considered in the 19th century as more important than all the others: sanguine and melancholic (or nervous). The novel intends to “verify” a theory dealing with the consequences of each type of temperament for people’s behaviour, their relationships and their internal life.

scholarly journals GENRE SPECIFICITY OF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES ABOUT RUSSIAN MOVEMENTS BY E. POSELYANIN

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-103
Author(s):  
Евгения Константиновна Макаренко
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Church History ◽  
Spiritual Life ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Religious Revival ◽  
Russian Orthodoxy ◽  
Biographical Sketches ◽  
The 19Th Century

Введение. Известный в дореволюционной России публицист и духовный писатель Евгений Поселянин (настоящая фамилия Погожев), пройдя путь сомнений в вере и получив духовное возрождение в Оптиной Пустыни, стал участником развернувшейся между интеллигенцией и представителями Русской Православной Церкви дискуссии начала XX в. Церковность эстетического сознания Е. Поселянина определила основную задачу всего его творчества, заключавшуюся в воспроизведении и передаче духовного мира Русского Православия. Цель. Творчество известного духовного писателя и публициста конца XIX – начала XX в. Евгения Николаевича Поселянина, совершенно забытое на несколько десятилетий советской эпохи, требует реабилитации и серьезного научного исследования. Материал и методы. Исследуется сборник жизнеописаний Е. Поселянина «Русские подвижники 19-го века» (1900 г.). Работа написана в русле исторической поэтики. Результаты и обсуждение. В литературной деятельности Поселянина отразились важнейшие духовно-культурные искания его современников и художественно-эстетические тенденции конца XIX – начала XX в. Религиозное возрождение начала XX в. привело к сдвигу границ внутри русской культуры, при котором произошло сближение и взаимовлияние богословия, философии, науки с художественной литературой, что отразилось на трансформации традиционных художественно-эстетических форм. В творчестве Е. Поселянина можно проследить, как церковные темы и православное содержание облекаются в характерные для светской литературы и отходящие от строгих жанровых канонов литературные формы, которые становятся более пластичными жанровыми образованиями, открытыми для выражения и передачи современным человеком опыта духовной жизни. Заключение. Книга Е. Поселянина «Русские подвижники 19-го века» представляет собой документ русской духовной жизни XVIII–XIX столетий. В этом сборнике биографических очерков традиционализм жизнеописания святого размывается жанровыми новациями: включением структурных элементов из других художественных и публицистических церковных жанров (патерики, проповеди, церковная история) и популярной в светской литературе беллетризованной мемуарно-биографической прозы. Introduction. Evgeny Poselyanin, a well-known publicist and spiritual writer in pre-revolutionary Russia, having traveled the path of doubts in faith and received a spiritual revival in Optina Pustyn, became a participant in the discussion between the intelligentsia and representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church at the beginning of the 20th century. The ecclesiastical nature of E. Poselyanin’s aesthetic consciousness determined the main task of all his work, which was to reproduce and transmit the spiritual world of Russian Orthodoxy. Aim and objectives. The work of the famous spiritual writer and publicist of the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Evgeny Nikolaevich Poselyanin, completely forgotten for several decades of the Soviet era, requires «rehabilitation» and serious scientific research. Material and methods. The article examines the collection of biographies of E. Poselyanin «Russian ascetics of the 19th century» (1900 edition). The research is written in the mainstream of historical poetics. Results and discussion. Poselyanin’s literary activity reflected the most important spiritual and cultural searches of his contemporaries and artistic and aesthetic tendencies of the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Religious revival of the early 20th century led to a shift in boundaries within Russian culture, during which there was a convergence and mutual influence of theology, philosophy, science with fiction, which was reflected in the transformation of traditional artistic and aesthetic forms. In the work of E. Poselyanin, one can trace how church themes and Orthodox content are clothed in literary forms characteristic of secular literature and departing from strict genre canons, which are becoming more plastic genre formations open for the expression and transmission of the experience of spiritual life by modern man. Conclusion. The book by E. Poselyanin «Russian ascetics of the 19th century» is a document of Russian spiritual life in the 18th – 19th centuries. In this collection of biographical sketches, the traditionalism of the life of the saint is eroded by genre innovations: the inclusion of structural elements from other artistic and journalistic church genres (paterics, sermons, church history) and fictionalized, memoir and biographical prose popular in secular literature.

Predicting the past

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Trudgill ◽  
Elizabeth Gordon
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
English Language ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
American English ◽  
Canadian English ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
English Canadian

The division of the world’s Englishes into rhotic and non-rhotic types is clearly due to the fact that the former are conservative in not having undergone loss of non-prevocalic /r/, whereas the latter have. The beginnings of the loss of non-prevocalic /r/ in English have generally been dated by historians of the language to the 18th century. It is therefore obvious, and has been widely accepted, that Irish English, Canadian English, and American English are predominantly rhotic because the English language was exported to these colonial areas before the loss of rhoticity in England began; and that the Southern Hemisphere Englishes are non-rhotic because English was exported to these areas in the 19th century after the loss of rhoticity. Analysing newly-discovered data from Australia, we present some surprising evidence that shows that this obvious conclusion is incorrect.

scholarly journals Los orígenes de la municipalización de servicios. El industrialismo público inglés (Municipal Trading) y la Sociedad Fabiana

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuria Magaldi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Bernard Shaw ◽  
Fabian Society

<p align="justify">A lo largo del siglo XIX hizo su aparición en Inglaterra un fenómeno nuevo, conocido como municipalización de servicios o municipal trading, en virtud del cual los municipios ingleses fueron asumiendo progresivamente la prestación de diversos servicios que habían devenido esenciales en las ciudades, como consecuencia de la Revolución Industrial y del intenso movimiento demográfico (campo-ciudad) que aquella había generado. En el marco teórico de este movimiento municipalizador destacó muy especialmente la aportación realizada por un grupo de pensadores e intelectuales aglutinados en torno a las figuras de Sydney y Beatrice Webb y Bernard Shaw (la Sociedad Fabiana) y que habrían de constituir el núcleo originario del laborismo británico.</p><br /> <p align="justify"><b> Municipal trading appeared as a new phenomenon in England during the 19th century. As a consequence, English local authorities had to provide for new social needs that had become essential after the Industrial Revolution and the migrations from the countryside to the cities that followed. A group of intellectuals and thinkers who gathered around the figures of Sydney and Beatrice Webb and Bernard Shaw (the Fabian Society) played a capital role in building the theoretical framework of this movement. They became the original hard core of British Labor.</p>

scholarly journals From the British Isles to Ceylon, or English in Sri Lanka

2018 ◽  
pp. 159-172
Author(s):  
Olga Laskowska
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Standard English ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
A Site ◽  
The 19Th Century

Although Sri Lanka was a site of colonization of the Portuguese, Dutch and (under the treaty of Amiens in 1802) British, it was the English language that had the strongest infl uence on the indigenous population of the island as the earlier colonizers were less interested in disseminating their culture. Taking into consideration the fact that English was established in Sri Lanka by missionaries and British officers, it can be assumed that the language brought to the island of Ceylon was the Standard English of the turn of the 19th century. Exploiting data from International Corpus of English – Sri Lanka and articles on Sri Lankan English, the present study contains a comparison of contemporary Sri Lankan English and the English of the period when the language was brought to the Island (early 19th century). Thus, an effort is made to show the conservative features of the language of the first British settlers, which survive in English spoken in contemporary Sri Lanka.

scholarly journals Archaeology, Evolution and Darwinism

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-100
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Palavestra ◽  
Marko Porčić
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Short History ◽  
Social Biology ◽  
Basic Conclusion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lasting Impression ◽  
New Research ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper presents a short history of the influence evolutionary thinking has had on anthropology and archaeology. The focus is on four major "schools" in evolutionist thought: the classical evolutionism of the 19th century, Neo-evolutionism, social biology (sociobiology) and Neo-Darwinian archaeology. The basic conclusion of this text is that the idea of socio-cultural evolution, understood in the broadest sense, has left a lasting impression on anthropological and archeological theory, and that it still represents a useful theoretical framework for new research.

scholarly journals Afanasy Nikitin in India: A Historical Retrospective of the Legendary Journey

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
Д.Е. Челышев
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
Interstate Cooperation ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Textual Content ◽  
The 19Th Century

В статье определено историческое значение путешествия тверского купца Афанасия Никитина в аспекте его влияния на последующее развитие культурных контактов между Россией и Индией, а также выявлен ряд обстоятельств, связанных с установкой в Индии единственного памятника путешественнику. Проанализирован текст литературного памятника XV в. «Хожение за три моря», использованы результаты исследований индийских и российских ученых, ряд англоязычных источников. Подчеркивается историческая ценность путевых заметок А. Никитина как единственного свидетельства о реалиях жизни индийского общества в государстве Бахманидов, что позволило автору обоснованно внести ряд корректив в исторические данные. Подвергнута критике концепция ориентализма в оценке значимости и мотивов деятельности известных российских путешественников и исследователей Востока. Сооружение памятника А. Никитину в 2001 г. трактуется как событие, придавшее новый импульс развитию и расширению российско-индийского сотрудничества. The article defines the historical significance of the journey of the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin in terms of its influence on the subsequent development of cultural contacts between Russia and India, and also reveals a number of circumstances associated with the installation of the only monument to this traveler in India. The text of a 15th-century literary monument, A Journey Beyond the Three Seas, is analyzed. The results of research by Indian and Russian scholars and a number of English-language sources are used. Systemic-historical, historical-genetic methods and a number of methods of historical source study related to the interpretation and analysis of textual content are applied. The book by Nikitin has been studied in the aspect of comparing its content with information provided, among others, by Portuguese authors. The historical value of Nikitin’s travel notes is emphasized as of the only evidence of the realities of the life of Indian society in the Bahmanid state, which allowed the author to reasonably make a number of corrections to the historical data. The late 19th-century publications of British and Indian authors dedicated to the detailed reconstruction of Afanasy Nikitin’s route and published in Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency are studied. The versions of the interpretation of the geographical names given in A Journey Beyond the Three Seas are considered. In the light of the publications that appeared on the pages of Gazetteer, the key stages of Nikitin’s journey through the territory of the Western Deccan are considered. Discussions caused by the study of the Journey by Indian authors at the end of the 19th century are analyzed. The author claims that, in his notes, Nikitin sought to comprehend and understand what he saw rather than compare the incomprehensible with the usual realities and condemn it for the fact that it does not fit into his own ideas at all. The concept of Orientalism in assessing the significance and motives of the activities of famous Russian travelers and researchers of the East is criticized. An extensive factual record of events related to the erection of the monument to Afanasy Nikitin in the vicinity of Mumbai in 2002 is presented. The construction of the monument to Nikitin is interpreted as an event that gave a new impetus to the development and expansion of Russian-Indian cooperation. The author points out that the cultural resource is the basis in building a general concept of interstate relations and continues to play a significant role in interstate cooperation between Russia and India.

Visualising Small Traumas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Moura
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
English Language ◽  
Graphic Novels ◽  
Trauma Studies ◽  
Civil Strife ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The 19Th Century

Portugal's vibrant comics scene originated as early as the 19th century, bringing forth brilliant individual artists, but has remained mostly unknown beyond Portugal’s borders to this day. Now a new generation employs this medium to put into question hegemonic views on the economy, politics, and society. Following the experience of the financial crisis of the past decades and its impact on social policies, access to and rules of public discourse, and civil strife, comics have questioned what constitutes a traumatogenic situation and what can act as a creative response. By looking at established graphic novels by Marco Mendes and Miguel Rocha, fanzine-level, and even experimental productions, Visualising Small Traumas is the first English-language book that addresses Portuguese contemporary comics and investigates how trauma studies can both shed a light on comics making and be informed by that very same practice.

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