scholarly journals Mechanism of fire spread on facades and the new Technical Report of EOTA “Large-scale fire performance testing of external wall cladding systems”

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 02010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingolf Kotthoff ◽  
Jan Riemesch-Speer
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
External Wall ◽  
Technical Report

scholarly journals An Experimental Study for the Fire Performance of EIFS with a Drencher System

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
Jihun Choi ◽  
Suhwan Choi ◽  
Kyungsuk Cho ◽  
Seungun Chae
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Outer Side ◽  
Insulation Material ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Insulation System ◽  
External Insulation

The exterior insulation finish system, in which insulation is installed on the outer wall of the building, is widely used due to its ease of construction and the effect of a shorter working period. However, the combustible insulation installed in the external insulation system is vulnerable to fire due to the sudden flame propagation in the event of a fire. For this reason, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport is carrying out support projects to strengthen the fire stability for buildings vulnerable to fire. In this study, the performance of the drencher system was evaluated through a large-scale exterior material experiment in a building equipped with a drench system. When a flammable insulation material was used as EPS, the fire spread to the inside and outer side of EPS after 530 s and 540 s of ignition, respectively, and the results of this experiment did not meet the performance evaluation criteria. When the drencher system was installed under the same conditions as stated above, the fire spread to the outside after 266 s of ignition, and this experiment satisfied the performance evaluation criteria.

Methodology and Development of a Large-Scale Sediment Basin for Performance Testing

2016 ◽  
Vol 142 (10) ◽  
pp. 04016042 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Perez ◽  
W. C. Zech ◽  
X. Fang ◽  
J. G. Vasconcelos
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Sediment Basin

scholarly journals Fractal properties of forest fires in Amazonia as a basis for modelling pan-tropical burnt area

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1449-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. N. Fletcher ◽  
L. E. O. C. Aragão ◽  
A. Lima ◽  
Y. Shimabukuro ◽  
P. Friedlingstein
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Burnt Area ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Fractal Properties ◽  
Dynamic Global Vegetation Models ◽  
Vegetation Models ◽  
Global Vegetation

Abstract. Current methods for modelling burnt area in dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) involve complex fire spread calculations, which rely on many inputs, including fuel characteristics, wind speed and countless parameters. They are therefore susceptible to large uncertainties through error propagation, but undeniably useful for modelling specific, small-scale burns. Using observed fractal distributions of fire scars in Brazilian Amazonia in 2005, we propose an alternative burnt area model for tropical forests, with fire counts as sole input and few parameters. This model is intended for predicting large-scale burnt area rather than looking at individual fire events. A simple parameterization of a tapered fractal distribution is calibrated at multiple spatial resolutions using a satellite-derived burnt area map. The model is capable of accurately reproducing the total area burnt (16 387 km2) and its spatial distribution. When tested pan-tropically using the MODIS MCD14ML active fire product, the model accurately predicts temporal and spatial fire trends, but the magnitude of the differences between these estimates and the GFED3.1 burnt area products varies per continent.

Simulation and thermal imaging of the 2006 Esperanza Wildfire in southern California: application of a coupled weather–wildland fire model

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice L. Coen ◽  
Philip J. Riggan
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transient Flow ◽  
Wildland Fire ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Fuel Load ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Riverside County ◽  
Layer Flow

The 2006 Esperanza Fire in Riverside County, California, was simulated with the Coupled Atmosphere–Wildland Fire Environment (CAWFE) model to examine how dynamic interactions of the atmosphere with large-scale fire spread and energy release may affect observed patterns of fire behaviour as mapped using the FireMapper thermal-imaging radiometer. CAWFE simulated the meteorological flow in and near the fire, the fire’s growth as influenced by gusty Santa Ana winds and interactions between the fire and weather through fire-induced winds during the first day of burning. The airflow was characterised by thermally stratified, two-layer flow channelled between the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountain ranges with transient flow accelerations driving the fire in Cabazon Peak’s lee. The simulation reproduced distinguishing features of the fire including its overall direction and width, rapid spread west-south-westward across canyons, spread up canyons crossing its southern flank, splitting into two heading regions and feathering of the fire line. The simulation correctly depicted the fire’s location at the time of an early-morning incident involving firefighter fatalities. It also depicted periods of deep plume growth, but anomalously described downhill spread of the head of the fire under weak winds that was less rapid than observed. Although capturing the meteorological flow was essential to reproducing the fire’s evolution, fuel factors including fuel load appeared to play a secondary role.

A Study of Contemporary System Performance Testing Framework

2018 ◽  
pp. 7563-7576
Author(s):  
Alex Ng ◽  
Shiping Chen
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Testing Framework ◽  
The Core ◽  
Application Logic ◽  
The Common ◽  
Whole Life Cycle

Performance testing is one of the vital activities spanning the whole life cycle of software engineering. As a result, there are a considerable number of performance testing products and open source tools available. It has been observed that most of the existing performance testing products and tools are either too expensive and complicated for small projects, or too specific and simple for diverse performance tests. In this chapter, we will present an overview of existing performance test products/tools, provide a summary of some of the contemporary system performance testing frameworks, and capture the key requirements for a general-purpose performance testing framework. Based on our previous works, we propose a system performance testing framework which is suitable for both simple and small, as well as complicated and large-scale performance testing projects. The core of our framework contains an abstraction to facilitate performance testing by separating the application logic from the common performance testing functionality, and a set of general-purpose data model.

Experimental Investigations of the Burning Behaviour of Transport Package Impact Limiters and of Fire Spread Impact Onto the Cask

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Erenberg ◽  
Claus Bletzer ◽  
Martin Feldkamp ◽  
André Musolff ◽  
Marko Nehrig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fire Test ◽  
Spent Nuclear Fuel ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
High Level Waste ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Thermal Testing ◽  
Steel Sheets ◽  
The Impact

Accident safe packages for the transport of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste shall fulfil international IAEA safety requirements. Compliance is shown by consecutive mechanical and thermal testing. Additional numerical analysis are usually part of the safety evaluation. For damage protection some package designs are equipped with wood filled impact limiters encapsulated by steel sheets. The safety of these packages is established in compliance with IAEA regulations. Cumulative mechanical and fire tests are conducted to achieve safety standards and to prevent loss of containment. Mechanical reliability is proven by drop tests. Drop testing might cause significant damage of the impact limiter steel sheets and might enable sufficient oxygen supply to the impact limiter during the fire test to ignite the wood filling. The boundary conditions of the fire test are precisely described in the IAEA regulatory. During the test the impact limiter will be subjected to a 30 minute enduring fire phase. Subsequent to the fire phase any burning of the specimen has to extinguish naturally and no artificial cooling is allowed. At BAM a large-scale fire test with a real size impact limiter and a wood volume of about 3m3 was conducted to investigate the burning behaviour of wood filled impact limiters in steel sheet encapsulation. The impact limiter was equipped with extensive temperature monitoring equipment. Until today burning of such impact limiters is not sufficiently considered in transport package design and more investigation is necessary to explore the consequences of the impacting fire. The objective of the large scale test was to find out whether a self-sustaining smouldering or even a flaming fire inside the impact limiter was initiated and what impact on the cask is resulting. The amount of energy, transferred from the impact limiter into the cask is of particular importance for the safety of heavy weight packages. With the intention of heat flux quantification a new approach was made and a test bench was designed.

scholarly journals Large-Scale Performance Testing of Temporary Sediment Basin Treatments and High-Rate Lamella Settlers

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Perez ◽  
Wesley Zech ◽  
Jose Vasconcelos ◽  
Xing Fang
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Parallel Flow ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Sediment Control ◽  
Basin Surface ◽  
Sediment Basin

Sediment basins are temporary practices commonly used to detain stormwater runoff and capture suspended sediment on construction sites. A 79.0 m3 (2790 ft3) sediment basin testing apparatus at the Auburn University—Erosion and Sediment Control Testing Facility was used to provide a series of controlled and repeatable, large-scale tests to understand the performance of sediment basins and provide improvements. This research evaluated five sediment basin configurations over the course of 27 individual tests, including: (1) a standard configuration, (2) the addition of an excavated sump upstream of a ditch check, (3) the modification of the first baffle, (4) a high-rate lamella settler in upward flow, and (5) a high-rate lamella settler in parallel flow. The primary metric for evaluating performance and the treatment effectiveness of a configuration’s ability in capturing sediment was assessed from turbidity measured across the basin surface. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that an excavated sump provided insignificant improvement in sediment capture effectiveness. Furthermore, the modification to the first baffle was deemed ineffective in improving treatment efficiency. Lamella settler results indicated a 18.2% and 29.0% reduction in turbidity across the basin for upward and parallel flow configurations, respectively.

Wildland fire spread modelling using cellular automata: evolution in large-scale spatially heterogeneous environments under fire suppression tactics

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 633 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Alexandridis ◽  
L. Russo ◽  
D. Vakalis ◽  
G. V. Bafas ◽  
C. I. Siettos
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Technical Specifications

We show how microscopic modelling techniques such as Cellular Automata linked with detailed geographical information systems (GIS) and meteorological data can be used to efficiently predict the evolution of fire fronts on mountainous and heterogeneous wild forest landscapes. In particular, we present a lattice-based dynamic model that includes various factors, ranging from landscape and earth statistics, attributes of vegetation and wind field data to the humidity of the fuel and the spotting transfer mechanism. We also attempt to model specific fire suppression tactics based on air tanker attacks utilising technical specifications as well as operational capabilities of the aircrafts. We use the detailed model to approximate the dynamics of a large-scale fire that broke out in a region on the west flank of the Greek National Park of Parnitha Mountain in June of 2007. The comparison between the simulation and the actual results showed that the proposed model predicts the fire-spread characteristics in an adequate manner. Finally, we discuss how such a detailed model can be exploited in order to design and develop, in a systematic way, fire risk management policies.

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