scholarly journals Brief-ANT as a tool for measuring the influence of roadside advertisements content on the drivers’ attentional processes

2018 ◽  
Vol 231 ◽  
pp. 04009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Olejniczak-Serowiec ◽  
Norbert Maliszewski ◽  
Justyna Harasimczuk
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Luminance Contrast ◽  
Short Version ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Advertising Industry ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Brand Product

The question of roadside advertisement’s influence on road safety is complex and multi-faceted. The list of advertisements characteristics which may play significant role for road safety includes: the size, colours, shape, luminance, contrast, localization, and many more. One of the aspects is advertisement’s content. Advertising industry uses emotional and cognitive mechanisms which are likely to engage the addressees’ attention and therefore make the brand/product more salient for their minds. As far as such a strategy might be effective for advertisers, it may be dangerous for road safety, when used in roadside advertisement. Cognitive, especially attentional, resources play key role in vehicle driving, which requires constant maintenance of situational awareness. Attention distraction, both visual and cognitive, is a proven safety-decreasing factor in vehicle driving. A method for measuring the influence of different advertisement content on attentional resources management - a short, version of the ANT, Brief-ANT, was developed. The results of a nationwide study conducted, revealed that reaction time in Brief-ANT differed significantly depending on the type of content used as the fixation cue, which leads us to a conclusion that Brief-ANT might be a good measure of the content’s influence on attentional resources management.

scholarly journals The effect of background speech on attentive sound processing: A pupil dilation study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Ríos López ◽  
Andreas Widmann ◽  
Aurélie Bidet-Caulet ◽  
Nicole Wetzel
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Duration Discrimination ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Auditory Task ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Auditory Oddball ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Sound Duration ◽  
Auditory Oddball Task ◽  
Focal Task

Everyday cognitive tasks are rarely performed in a quiet environment. Quite on the contrary, very diverse surrounding acoustic signals such as speech can involuntarily deviate our attention from the task at hand. Despite its tight relation to attentional processes, pupillometry remained a rather unexploited method to measure attention allocation towards irrelevant speech. In the present study, we registered changes in pupil diameter size to quantify the effect of meaningfulness of background speech upon performance in an attentional task. We recruited 41 native German speakers who had neither received formal instruction in French nor had extensive informal contact with this language. The focal task consisted of an auditory oddball task. Participants performed an animal sound duration discrimination task containing frequently repeated standard sounds and rarely presented deviant sounds while a story was read in German or (non-meaningful) French in the background. Our results revealed that, whereas effects of language meaningfulness on attention were not detectable at the behavioural level, participants’ pupil dilated more in response to the sounds of the auditory task when background speech was played in non-meaningful French compared to German, independent of sound type. This could suggest that semantic processing of the native language required attentional resources, which lead to fewer resources devoted to the processing of the sounds of the focal task. Our results highlight the potential of the pupil dilation response for the investigation of subtle cognitive processes that might not surface when only behaviour is measured.

Effects of textual enhancement and task manipulation on L2 learners’ attentional processes and grammatical knowledge development: A mixed methods study

2021 ◽  
pp. 136216882110346
Author(s):  
Minjin Lee ◽  
Jookyoung Jung
Keyword(s):  
News Article ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Grammatical Knowledge ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Reading Processes ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Textual Enhancement ◽  
And Task

This study examined the extent to which textual enhancement and task manipulation affect the learners’ attentional processing and the development of second language (L2) grammatical knowledge. A total of 73 Korean college students read an opinion news article in one of four experimental conditions: (1) textually enhanced, careful reading, (2) textually enhanced, expeditious reading, (3) textually non-enhanced, careful reading, and (4) textually non-enhanced, expeditious reading. For the enhanced conditions, the target L2 construction, i.e. the use of English participle phrases in the restrictive use, was typographically enhanced using a different color. In addition, the reading task was manipulated in terms of the speed and the manner of reading, i.e. careful reading to remember textual information as accurately as possible or expeditious reading to figure out the gist as soon as possible. While reading the article, learners’ eye-movements were recorded with an eye-tracker to measure the allocation of attentional resources as well as reading processes. In addition, stimulated recalls were collected for qualitative analysis of learners’ attentional processes. The results revealed that both textual enhancement and task manipulation had significant effects on the way participants allocated their attentional resources during reading, while it did not affect their knowledge of the target constructions as reflected in their grammaticality judgment scores.

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON THE ROLE OF ‘FEAR’ EMOTIONS ON ATTENTIONAL BIAS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Bomb Explosion

The purpose of this review is to evaulate how attentional processes that are vital cognitive mechanisms for survival are affected due to threat-related stimuli by investigating studies which address the emotion of fear and attentional bias. Individuals experience three dimensions of emotions: bodily excitations (arousal), expressive behaviors caused by bodily excitations and awareness of emotions. The increase of arousal level accompanying emotions may affect the range/variety of cues which organisms pay attention to. In this review, beside the evolutionarily relevant threats (snake, spider, etc.), modern threats (gun, knife, etc.) and fears based on learning were investigated. At the same time, the role of threat-related stimuli encountered during situations involving attentional blindness and in real life (pain, epidemic disease, bomb explosion, etc.) was included. By analysing studies focusing on individual differences, it was investigated how attentional bias to threat-related stimuli may be affected by factors like age, sex, culture, emotinal intelligence, personality traits, loneliness, and anxiety level. Results from the investigated studies has shown that attentional bias is stronger for threat-related stimuli compared to neutral stimuli. Keywords Fear, attentional bias, threat-related stimuli, emotions and attention

scholarly journals Different attentional resources modulate the gain mechanisms for color and luminance contrast

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1389-1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.C. Morrone ◽  
V. Denti ◽  
D. Spinelli
Keyword(s):  
Luminance Contrast ◽  
Attentional Resources

scholarly journals Decreased preparatory activation and inattention to cues suggest lower activation of proactive cognitive control among high procrastinating students

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Wiwatowska ◽  
Dominik Czajeczny ◽  
Jarosław M. Michałowski
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Continuous Performance Task ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Reaction Time Variability ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Neurophysiological Data ◽  
Preparatory Activity ◽  
Neurophysiological Assessment

AbstractProcrastination is a voluntary delay in completing an important task while being aware that this behavior may lead to negative outcomes. It has been shown that an increased tendency to procrastinate is associated with deficits in some aspects of cognitive control. However, none of the previous studies investigated these dysfunctions through the lenses of the Dual Mechanisms Framework, which differentiates proactive and reactive modes of control. The present study was designed to fill this gap, using behavioral and neurophysiological assessment during the completion of the AX-Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT) by high (HP) and low (LP) procrastinating students (N = 139). Behavioral results indicated that HP (vs. LP) were characterized by increased attentional fluctuations (higher reaction time variability) and reduction in some indices of proactive cognitive control (lower d’-context and A-cue bias, but similar PBIs). Furthermore, the neurophysiological data showed that HP, compared with LP, allocated less attentional resources (lower P3b) to cues that help to predict the correct responses to upcoming probes. They also responded with reduced preparatory activity (smaller CNV) after cues presentation. The two groups did not differ in neural responses linked to conflict detection and inhibition (similar N2 and P3a). Obtained findings indicate that HP might present deficits in some cognitive functions that are essential for effective proactive control engagement, along with preserved levels of reactive cognitive control. In the present paper, we discuss the potential neural and cognitive mechanisms responsible for the observed effects.

scholarly journals Social attention during COVID-19 pandemic: Face masks do not alter gaze cueing of attention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Dalmaso ◽  
Xinyuan Zhang ◽  
Giovanni Galfano ◽  
Luigi Castelli
Keyword(s):  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Social Attention ◽  
Mask Condition ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Gaze Cueing ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Averted Gaze

Interacting with others wearing a face mask has become a regular worldwide practice since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the impact of face masks on cognitive mechanisms supporting social interaction is still largely unexplored. In the present work we focused on gaze cueing of attention, a phenomenon tapping the essential ability which allows individuals to orient their attentional resources in response to eye gaze signals coming from others. Participants from both a Western (i.e., Italy; Experiment 1) and an Asian (i.e., China; Experiment 2) country were involved, namely two countries in which the daily use of face masks before COVID-19 pandemic was either extremely uncommon or frequently adopted, respectively. Both samples completed a task in which a peripheral target had to be discriminated while a task irrelevant averted gaze face, wearing a mask or not, acted as a central cueing stimulus. Overall, a reliable and comparable gaze cueing emerged in both experiments, independent of the mask condition. These findings suggest that social attention is preserved even when the person perceived is wearing a face mask.

Interactions between Language and Attention Systems: Early Automatic Lexical Processing?

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1465-1478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yury Shtyrov ◽  
Teija Kujala ◽  
Friedemann Pulvermüller
Keyword(s):  
Word Processing ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Auditory Input ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Lexical Memory ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Attention Systems ◽  
Cortical Representations

An ongoing debate is whether and to what extent access to cortical representations is automatic or dependent on attentional processes. To address this, we modulated the level of attention on auditory input and recorded ERPs elicited by syllables completing acoustically matched words and pseudowords. Under nonattend conditions, the word-elicited response (peaking at ∼120 msec) was larger than that to pseudowords, confirming early activation of lexical memory traces. However, when attention was directed toward the auditory input, such word–pseudoword difference disappeared. Whereas responses to words seemed unchanged by attentional variation, early pseudoword responses were modulated significantly by attention. Later on, attention modulated a positive deflection at ∼230 msec and a second negativity at ∼370 msec for all stimuli. The data indicate that the earliest stages of word processing are not affected by attentional demands and may thus possess certain automaticity, with attention effects on lexical processing accumulating after 150–200 msec. We explain this by robustness of preexisting memory networks for words whose strong internal connections guarantee rapid full-scale activation irrespective of the attentional resources available. Conversely, the processing of pseudowords, which do not have such stimulus-specific cortical representations, appears to be strongly modulated by the availability of attentional resources, even at its earliest stages. Topography analysis and source reconstruction indicated that left peri-sylvian cortices mediate attention effects on memory trace activation.

scholarly journals High attentional load enhances the susceptibility to non-speech audiovisual illusions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Michail ◽  
Julian Keil
Keyword(s):  
Multisensory Integration ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Attentional Load ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Audiovisual Stimuli ◽  
Post Hoc

The role of attentional processes in the integration of input from different sensory modalities is complex and multifaceted. Importantly, little is known about how simple, non-linguistic stimuli are integrated when the resources available for sensory processing are exhausted. We studied this question by examining multisensory integration under conditions of limited endogenous attentional resources. Multisensory integration was assessed through the sound-induced flash illusion (SIFI), in which a flash presented simultaneously with two short auditory beeps is often perceived as two flashes, while attentional load was manipulated using an n-back task. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed that attentional load had a significant effect on the perception of the illusion while post-hoc tests showed that participants’ illusion perception was increased in high compared to low attentional load conditions. Additional analysis demonstrated that this effect was not related to a response bias. These finding provides evidence that the integration of non-speech, audiovisual stimuli is enhanced under high attentional load and it therefore supports the notion that top-down attentional control plays an essential role in multisensory integration.

Mind Wandering and the Adaptive Control of Attentional Resources

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 952-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia W. Y. Kam ◽  
Elizabeth Dao ◽  
Maria Stanciulescu ◽  
Hamish Tildesley ◽  
Todd C. Handy
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Transient State ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Attentional Orienting ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Sensory Environment ◽  
Current Task ◽  
Traditional Performance

Mind wandering is a natural, transient state wherein our neurocognitive systems become temporarily decoupled from the external sensory environment as our thoughts drift away from the current task at hand. Yet despite the ubiquity of mind wandering in everyday human life, we rarely seem impaired in our ability to adaptively respond to the external environment when mind wandering. This suggests that despite widespread neurocognitive decoupling during mind wandering states, we may nevertheless retain some capacity to attentionally monitor external events. But what specific capacities? In Experiment 1, using traditional performance measures, we found that both volitional and automatic forms of visual–spatial attentional orienting were significantly attenuated when mind wandering. In Experiment 2, however, ERPs revealed that, during mind wandering states, there was a relative preservation of sensitivity to deviant or unexpected sensory events, as measured via the auditory N1 component. Taken together, our findings suggest that, although some selective attentional processes may be subject to down-regulation during mind wandering, we may adaptively compensate for these neurocognitively decoupled states by maintaining automatic deviance–detection functions.

scholarly journals Face Masks Do Not Alter Gaze Cueing of Attention: Evidence From the COVID-19 Pandemic

i-Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 204166952110584
Author(s):  
Mario Dalmaso ◽  
Xinyuan Zhang ◽  
Giovanni Galfano ◽  
Luigi Castelli
Keyword(s):  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Mask Condition ◽  
Peripheral Target ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Gaze Cueing ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Averted Gaze

Interacting with others wearing a face mask has become a regular worldwide practice since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the impact of face masks on cognitive mechanisms supporting social interaction is still largely unexplored. In the present work, we focused on gaze cueing of attention, a phenomenon tapping the essential ability which allows individuals to orient their attentional resources in response to eye gaze signals coming from others. Participants from both a European (i.e., Italy; Experiment 1) and an Asian (i.e., China; Experiment 2) country were involved, namely two countries in which the daily use of face masks before COVID-19 pandemic was either extremely uncommon or frequently adopted, respectively. Both samples completed a task in which a peripheral target had to be discriminated while a task irrelevant averted gaze face, wearing a mask or not, acted as a central cueing stimulus. Overall, a reliable and comparable gaze cueing emerged in both experiments, independent of the mask condition. These findings suggest that gaze cueing of attention is preserved even when the person perceived is wearing a face mask.

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