scholarly journals Application of Titanium and its Alloys for Automobile Parts

2020 ◽  
Vol 321 ◽  
pp. 02003
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Takahashi ◽  
Kenichi Mori ◽  
Hidenori Takebe
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Commercially Pure Titanium ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Creep Properties ◽  
Fuel Tanks ◽  
Fe Alloys ◽  
Engine Valves ◽  
Sports Type ◽  
Exhaust Systems

Titanium and its alloys have been applied to motorcycles and automobiles in order to reduce the weight of their component parts. In recent years, titanium exhaust systems, engine valves and connecting rods have been widely applied mainly to sports type or large motorcycles. In addition to Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-Al-Fe alloys which utilize Fe as an inexpensive and a common alloying element are used for engine valves and connecting rods. In exhaust systems, such as mufflers, at first, Gr.2 commercially pure titanium sheets have been mainly used because of their high cold formability. Furthermore, several titanium alloys to which Cu, Al, Si and Nb are added have been actively developed in order to improve strength, creep properties, oxidation resistance and so on at elevated temperatures, as service temperature becomes higher. Also, due to the development of processing technologies, the same methods and processes that are used for manufacturing steel parts have been applied to titanium ones, and the application of titanium has recently been expanded to fracture-split connecting rods and fuel tanks. Newly, titanium foil has been adopted as a separator of PEFC used in fuel cell vehicles from the viewpoints of excellent corrosion resistance and cold formability. As mentioned above, in this presentation, the technical contents of titanium products and parts developed for motorcycles and automobiles are reviewed.

RMI 0.2% Pd

Alloy Digest ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Crevice Corrosion ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Commercially Pure Titanium ◽  
Bend Strength ◽  
Commercially Pure ◽  
Minimum Yield

Abstract RMI 0.2% Pd is a grade of commercially pure titanium to which up to 0.2% palladium has been added. It has a guaranteed minimum yield strength of 40,000 psi with good ductility and formability. It is recommended for corrosion resistance in the chemical industry and other places where the environment is mildly reducing or varies between oxidizing and reducing. The alloy has improved resistance to crevice corrosion at low pH and elevated temperatures. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, tensile properties, and bend strength. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: Ti-74. Producer or source: RMI Company.

Comparison of Commercially Pure Titanium Surface Hardness Improvement by Plasma Nitrocarburizing and Ion Implantation

2013 ◽  
Vol 789 ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agung Setyo Darmawan ◽  
Waluyo Adi Siswanto ◽  
Tjipto Sujitno
Keyword(s):  
Ion Implantation ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Commercially Pure Titanium ◽  
Hardness Tester ◽  
Hardness Number ◽  
Commercially Pure ◽  
Hardness Tests ◽  
Plasma Nitrocarburizing

Commercially pure (cp) titanium has a relative soft hardness property. In particular usage such as sliding, the improvement of the surface hardness will be required. In this study, surface hardness improvement of cp titanium by Plasma Nitrocarburizing and Ion Implantation are compared. Plasma Nitrocarburizing processes are conducted at different elevated temperatures with different duration processes, i.e. at 350 °C for 3, 4, and 5 hours, and at 450 °C for 2, 3, and 4 hours respectively, while Ion Implantation processes are conducted at room temperature and process durations are varied as 2.3 hours, 4.7 hours, and 9.3 hours. Nitrogen ions are used to implant the material. Hardness tests are then performed on each specimen by using Micro Vickers Hardness Tester. The surface hardness number (HV) for specimens of the Plasma Nitrocarburizing processes at temperature of 350 °C for process duration of 3 hours, 4 hours, and 5 hours are 74.16, 92.25 and 94.41, respectively while those at temperature of 450 °C for duration process of 2 hours, 3 hours, and 4 hours are 103.70, 121.31 and 126.17, respectively. The processes of Ion Implantation produce the surface hardness number (HV) of 88.97, 125.51, and 130.2, for duration processes of 2.3 hours, 4.7 hours, and 9.3 hours. The process of Ion Implantation produce higher surface hardness number than the Plasma Nitrocarburizing process at temperature 350 °C but the surface hardness number is lower when compared to the Plasma Nitrocarburizing at a temperature of 450 °C. For the duration processes 4 hours and more, the process of Ion Implantation produces the same surface hardness number with the Plasma Nitrocarburizing at temperature of 450 °C.

scholarly journals Synchronized Full-Field Strain and Temperature Measurements of Commercially Pure Titanium under Tension at Elevated Temperatures and High Strain Rates

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Guilherme Corrêa Soares ◽  
Mikko Hokka
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
High Strain ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Commercially Pure Titanium ◽  
High Strain Rates ◽  
Noise Floor ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Commercially Pure

Understanding the mechanical behavior of materials at extreme conditions, such as high temperatures, high strain rates, and very large strains, is fundamental for applications where these conditions are possible. Although tensile testing has been used to investigate material behavior under high strain rates and elevated temperatures, it disregards the occurrence of localized strains and increasing temperatures during deformation. The objective of this work is to combine synchronized full-field techniques and an electrical resistive heating system to investigate the thermomechanical behavior of commercially pure titanium under tensile loading at high temperatures and high strain rates. An electrical resistive heating system was used to heat dog-bone samples up to 1120 °C, which were then tested with a tensile Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar at strain rates up to 1600 s−1. These tests were monitored by two high-speed optical cameras and an infrared camera to acquire synchronized full-field strain and temperature data. The displacement and strain noise floor, and the stereo reconstruction error increased with temperature, while the temperature noise floor decreased at elevated temperatures. A substantial decrease in mechanical strength and an increase in ductility were observed with an increase in testing temperature. The localized strains during necking were much higher at elevated temperatures, while adiabatic heating was much lower or non-existent at elevated temperatures.

scholarly journals Tensile properties of α-titanium alloys at elevated temperatures

2020 ◽  
Vol 321 ◽  
pp. 04016
Author(s):  
Tarik Nawaya ◽  
Werner Beck ◽  
Axel von Hehl
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Oxidation Resistance ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Commercially Pure Titanium ◽  
Commercially Pure ◽  
Gleeble 3500

Hot-deep drawing is an innovative processing technology to produce complex shaped sheet metal components with constant wall thickness from high-strength lightweight materials. For some aerospace and automotive applications oxidation resistance at medium to high temperatures is an important aspect. In terms of this titanium α-alloys are often used due to their balanced relation of strength and oxidation resistance. In the presented study the stress-strain characteristics of several α-titanium alloys were determined at ambient and elevated temperatures by means of hot tensile tests. Besides the commercially pure Titanium alloy ASTM-Grade 4, two novel α-titanium alloys were investigated. Regarding the hot forming properties a comparison with α-β Ti-6Al-4V alloy was conducted. The hot tensile tests were carried out by means of a particular forming dilatometer type “Gleeble 3500” at 400, 500, 600, 650, 700 and 800 °C. The test showed favorable peak plasticity for all α-alloys at the temperature range between 600 and 650 °C in contrast to lower or higher temperatures. All samples were metallographically characterized. Key words: titanium α-alloys, hot tensile properties, elevated temperatures, Gleeble 3500.

scholarly journals New approach in constitutive modelling of commercially pure titanium thermo-mechanical processing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Bańczerowski ◽  
Marek Pawlikowski
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Constitutive Relations ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Type Equation ◽  
Constitutive Modelling ◽  
Mechanical Processing ◽  
Commercially Pure Titanium ◽  
Grain Fragmentation

AbstractThe pure titanium, as a biomaterial destined for production of load-demanding prostheses, requires thermo-mechanical processing to increase its strength. The most common way to achieve this is the method of grain fragmentation. Thermo-mechanical deformation of titanium is a complex process, which makes it very difficult to describe it by means of constitutive equations. Such constitutive relations are very useful as they can be implemented in the finite element method tools in order to simulate and optimize the whole process. Cylindrical specimens were compressed at elevated temperatures on a thermo-mechanical simulator. The tests were performed at four different strain rates (from 10$$^{\mathrm {-2}}$$ - 2 s$$^{\mathrm {-1}}$$ - 1 to 10 s$$^{\mathrm {-1}})$$ - 1 ) and at 775 K and 875 K temperatures. The collected data allowed us to create strain–stress graphs characterizing the process. Observations on the scanning electron microscope and scanning transmission electron microscope were done as well as the electron backscatter diffraction analysis, revealing significant grain fragmentation. The aim of the studies described in the paper was to verify and select a proper mathematical model for the process of titanium grain fragmentation obtained in a thermoplastic process. Four different constitutive models were considered. The calculation of theoretical stress values based on the Arrhenius-type equation, Anand viscoplastic model, Johnson–Cook model and Khan Huang-Liang model was done and compared to experimental results. The theoretical curves were generated and fitted to experimental, which made it possible to calibrate the constants in the mathematical models. The curve-fitting analyses showed that the Anand constitutive model described the titanium behaviour best.

Recrystallization Characteristics of Commercially Pure Titanium Rolled at Elevated Temperatures

2007 ◽  
Vol 558-559 ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.B. Chun ◽  
Sun Keun Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Deformation Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Recrystallization Process ◽  
Slip Systems ◽  
Commercially Pure Titanium ◽  
Secondary Slip ◽  
Commercial Purity Titanium ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cp Ti

Effect of deformation temperature on subsequent recrystallization characteristics of commercial purity titanium (CP-Ti) was investigated using EBSD and transmission electron microscopy. CP-Ti plates were rolled to at various temperatures between 25°C and 600°C to achieve 60% reduction, and were subsequently annealed at 600°C for various time periods. Increase in rolling temperature resulted in more refined microstructures, which could be attributed to coactivation of secondary slip systems such as basal <a> slip or pyramidal <c+a> slip in addition to prism <a> slip. During subsequent annealing, a large number of recrystallization nuclei formed in the warm-worked (below 450°C) CP-Ti while nucleation of recrystallization was slower for coldrolled one. This led to the faster recrystallization kinetics and a finer microstructure in asrecrystallized state for warm-worked CP-Ti. Meanwhile, the rate of recrystallization in CP-Ti rolled at 600°C was significantly retarded because a good portion of strain energy stored in deformed matrix was released by dynamic recovery. In the present work, we show that the widely accepted explanation for the influence of the deformation temperature on the recrystallization characteristics, i.e., increase of the deformation temperature retards the recrystallization process, is not always true for the hcp metals since deformation at elevated temperature activates secondary slip systems, providing more sites for nucleation of recrystallization.

CP-Ti Processed for Multiple Passes by ECAP at Room Temperature

2010 ◽  
Vol 667-669 ◽  
pp. 779-784
Author(s):  
Xi Rong Yang ◽  
Xi Cheng Zhao ◽  
Xiao Yan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Commercially Pure Titanium ◽  
Micro Hardness ◽  
Angular Pressing ◽  
Commercially Pure ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Ram Speed ◽  
Cp Ti

A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the feasibility that commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) was pressed for multiple passes by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) at room temperature. Samples of CP-Ti were processed at room temperature using the dies with channel angles of 90° and 120°, respectively. First, each billet was processed 4 passes by ECAP using a die with an angle of 120° and a ram speed of 0.5mm s-1. And in order to eliminate residual stress, immediate annealing at 473 K for an hour was conducted between two adjacent passes. Second, CP-Ti was successfully processed by ECAP for up to 8 passes using the same die and a ram speed of 2 mm s-1 by controlling the flow of metal. Finally, CP-Ti was successfully achieved using a conventional die with an angle of 90° between the channels at room temperature. Each billet was processed for two passes with a ram speed of 26 mm s-1. These experiments show that CP-Ti may be processed by ECAP at room temperature and special attention was paid on improvements in the yield stress, ultimate strength and micro-hardness of ECAPed-Ti that are slightly higher than the improvements attained after pressing at elevated temperatures.

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