scholarly journals Domestic animals as potential reservoir hosts ofTrypanosoma brucei gambiensein sleeping sickness foci in Cameroon

Parasite ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Njiokou ◽  
H. Nimpaye ◽  
G. Simo ◽  
G.R. Njitchouang ◽  
T. Asonganyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Potential Reservoir ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in southeastern China and analysis of risk factors

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 851-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. SUN ◽  
Y.J. ZHANG ◽  
Z. Y. GONG ◽  
L. ZHANG ◽  
H. K. LV ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Southeastern China ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Potential Reservoir ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Reservoir Hosts ◽  
Severe Fever ◽  
Specific Igg Antibodies

SUMMARYSevere fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) has been prevalent for some time in China and it was first identified in 2010. However, the seroprevalence of SFTSV in the general population in southeastern China and risk factors associated with the infection are currently unclear. Blood samples were collected from seven counties across Zhejiang province and tested for the presence of SFTSV-specific IgG antibodies by ELISA. A total of 1380 blood samples were collected of which 5·51% were seropositive for SFTSV with seroprevalence varying significantly between sites. Seroprevalence of SFTSV in people who were family members of the patient, lived in the same village as the patient, or lived in a different village than the patient varied significantly. There was significant difference in seroprevalence between participants who bred domestic animals and participants who did not. Domestic animals are probably potential reservoir hosts and contact with domestic animals may be a transmission route of SFTSV.

scholarly journals Evidence of the absence of Human African Trypanosomiasis in northern Uganda: analyses of cattle, pigs and tsetse flies for the presence of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas J. Cunningham ◽  
Jessica K. Lingley ◽  
Iñaki Tirados ◽  
Johan Esterhuizen ◽  
Mercy A. Opiyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

AbstractBackgroundLarge-scale control of sleeping sickness has led to a decline in the number of cases of Gambian human African trypanosomiasis (g-HAT) to <2000/year. However, achieving complete and lasting interruption of transmission may be difficult because animals may act as reservoir hosts for T. b. gambiense. Our study aims to update our understanding of T. b. gambiense in local vectors and domestic animals of N.W. Uganda.MethodsWe collected blood from 2896 cattle and 400 pigs and In addition, 6664 tsetse underwent microscopical examination for the presence of trypanosomes. Trypanosoma species were identified in tsetse from a subsample of 2184 using PCR. Primers specific for T. brucei s.l. and for T. brucei sub-species were used to screen cattle, pig and tsetse samples.ResultsIn total, 39/2,088 (1.9%; 95% CI=1.9-2.5) cattle, 25/400 (6.3%; 95% CI=4.1-9.1) pigs and 40/2,184 (1.8%; 95% CI=1.3-2.5) tsetse, were positive for T. brucei s.l.. Of these samples 24 cattle (61.5%), 15 pig (60%) and 25 tsetse (62.5%) samples had sufficient DNA to be screened using the T. brucei sub-species PCR. Further analysis found no cattle or pigs positive for T. b. gambiense, however, 17/40 of the tsetse samples produced a band suggestive of T. b. gambiense. When three of these 17 PCR products were sequenced the sequences were markedly different to T. b. gambiense, indicating that these flies were not infected with T. b. gambiense.ConclusionThe absence of T. b. gambiense in cattle, pigs and tsetse accords with the low prevalence of g-HAT in the human population. We found no evidence that livestock are acting as reservoir hosts. However, this study highlights the limitations of current methods of detecting and identifying T. b. gambiense which relies on a single copy-gene to discriminate between the different sub-species of T. brucei s.l.Author SummaryThe decline of annual cases of West-African sleeping sickness in Uganda raises the prospect that elimination of the disease is achievable for the country. However, with the decrease in incidence and the likely subsequent change in priorities there is a need to confirm that the disease is truly eliminated. One unanswered question is the role that domestic animals play in maintaining transmission of the disease. The potential of cryptic-animal reservoirs is a serious threat to successful and sustained elimination of the disease. It is with the intent of resolving this question that we have carried out this study whereby we examined 2088 cattle, 400 pigs and 2184 tsetse for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, the parasite responsible for the disease. Our study found T. brucei s.l. in local cattle, pigs and tsetse flies, with their respective prevalences as follows, 1.9%, 6.3% and 1.8%. Further analysis to establish identity of these positives to the sub-species level found that no cattle, pigs or tsetse were carrying the pathogen responsible for Gambian sleeping sickness. Our work highlights the difficulty of establishing the absence of a disease, especially in an extremely low endemic setting, and the limitations of some of the most commonly used methods.

scholarly journals Trypanosome infections in naturally infected horses and donkeys of three active sleeping sickness foci in the south of Chad

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joël Vourchakbé ◽  
Arnol Auvaker Tiofack ◽  
Mbida Mpoame ◽  
Gustave Simo
Keyword(s):  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Trypanosome Species ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Potential Reservoir ◽  
Objective Being

Abstract Background Equine trypanosomiases are complex infectious diseases with overlapping clinical signs defined by their mode of transmission. Despite their economic impacts, these diseases have been neglected by the scientific community, the veterinary authorities and regulatory organizations. To fill the observed knowledge gap, we undertook the identification of different trypanosome species and subspecies naturally infecting horses and donkeys within the Chadian sleeping sickness focus. The end objective, being to investigate the potential role of these domestic animals as reservoirs of the human infective Trypanosoma brucei gambienseMethod Blood samples were collected from 155 donkeys and 131 horses in three human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) foci of Chad. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and capillary tube centrifugation (CTC) test were used to search for trypanosome infections. DNA was extracted from each blood sample and different trypanosome species and subspecies were identified with molecular tools.Results From 286 blood samples collected, 54 (18.9%) and 36 (12.6%) were respectively positive for RDT and CTC. PCR revealed 144 (50.3%) animals with trypanosome infections. The kappa Cohen coefficients used to evaluate the concordance between the diagnostic methods were low; ranging from 0.087±0.0473 to 0.48 ± 0.0698. Trypanosomes of the subgenus Trypanozoon were the most prevalent (29.4%), followed by T. congolense forest (11.5%), T. congolense savannah (4.9%) and T. vivax (4.5%). Two donkeys and one horse from the Maro HAT focus were found with T. b. gambiense infections. Between animal species and HAT foci, no significant differences were observed in the infection rates of different trypanosomes. Conclusion This study revealed several trypanosome species and sub species in donkeys and horses, highlighting the existence of AAT in HAT foci of Chad. The identification of T. b. gambiense in donkeys and horses suggests considering these animals as potential reservoir for HAT in Chad. The presence of both human-infective and human non infective trypanosomes species highlights the need for developing joined control strategies for HAT and AAT.

scholarly journals Morphology of various strains of the trypanosome causing disease in man in Nyasaland. I.–The human strain

1913 ◽  
Vol 86 (587) ◽  
pp. 285-302 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
African Species ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Wild Game

In order to gain a general idea of this important species of trypanosome, it will be necessary to study as many individual strains as possible. It may be thought unnecessary to describe each strain so much in detail, but without this it will be impossible to get any order out of the chaos which rules at present in the classification of the African species of trypanosomes pathogenic to man and the domestic animals. Up to the present the Commission have only had an opportunity of working with five human strains. Four of these are from natives infected in the Sleeping-Sickness Area, Nyasaland, the fifth from an European who contracted the disease in Portuguese East Africa. It is intended, in later papers, to describe five strains from wild game and the same number from the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans .

scholarly journals A New Expanded Host Range of Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus Includes Three Agricultural Crops

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (7) ◽  
pp. 685-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Wintermantel ◽  
Laura L. Hladky ◽  
Arturo A. Cortez ◽  
Eric T. Natwick
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Buffalo Gourd ◽  
Weed Hosts ◽  
Potential Reservoir ◽  
Limited Host Range ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) was identified in the fall of 2006 affecting cucurbit production in the southwestern United States (California, Arizona), as well as in nearby Sonora, Mexico, resulting in nearly universal infection of fall melon crops in 2006 and 2007, and late infection of 2007 spring melons. Survival of CYSDV through the largely cucurbit-free winter months suggested the presence of weed or alternate crop hosts, although previous studies indicated a limited host range restricted to members of the Cucurbitaceae. To determine potential reservoir hosts for CYSDV in desert production, weed and crop hosts were collected from throughout the region over a period of 26 months, and were tested for the presence of CYSDV by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using CYSDV HSP70h- and coat protein gene–specific primers. Many noncucurbits collected from infected melon fields and nearby areas were symptomless and virus free; however, CYSDV was detected in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), as well as in several weed species widely prevalent in the region. Typical crinivirus symptoms of interveinal yellowing and leaf brittleness were observed on CYSDV-infected snap bean, alkali mallow (Sida hederacea) and Wright's groundcherry (Physalis wrightii), while other infected crop and weed hosts were symptomless. Transmission tests demonstrated that lettuce, snap bean, alkali mallow, Wright's groundcherry, and buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima) could serve as virus reservoir hosts for transmission of CYSDV to melon and other cucurbits. These results expand the previously known host range of CYSDV, demonstrating that the virus is capable of infecting not only members of the Cucurbitaceae, but also plants in seven additional taxonomic families.

scholarly journals The epidemiology of leptospirosis in North Queensland: I. General survey of animal hosts

1964 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie L. Emanuel ◽  
I. M. Mackerras ◽  
D. J. W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Field Station ◽  
Queensland Department ◽  
Wide Scatter ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis that causes appreciable ill health and economic loss in North Queensland. Fourteen serotypes ofLeptospirawere known to infect man in the area, and information on their local distribution and seasonal and occupational incidence had been obtained. The next step in the investigation was to determine the reservoir hosts and estimate their significance.Wild animals examined comprised 5 monotremes, 643 marsupials, 2355 rodents, 67 bats, 30 birds, 28 reptiles, and 21 toads. Evidence of leptospiral infection was obtained from 223 marsupials, 309 rodents, and 6 fruit-bats. Analysis indicated that the principal maintaining hosts were:Peremeles nasuta—ofL. kremastos(and possiblyL. mini) in canefields and rain forest.Isoodon macrourus—ofL. broomi, L. mini, andL. kremastosin canefields.Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus(focal), andMus musculus(focal)—ofL. zanoniin town and canefields.Rattus sordidus conatus—ofL. australisin canefields.Rattus assimilis—of foci ofL. australis, a variant ofL. pomona, and probably ofL. hyosin rain forests.Random infections were also encountered, but the maintaining hosts of the other serotypes known to infect man in the area (icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, bindjei, robinsoni, bratislava, grippotyphosa, medanensis, celledoni) were not determined.Domestic animals examined included 137 cattle, 54 pigs, 7 sheep, 34 dogs, 31 cats, and a dairy herd in which there was an epizootic ofpomonaleptospirosis. Again, there was a wide scatter of infection, but, apart from the long-known association ofL. pomonaandL. hyoswith cattle and pigs, there was no evidence of maintaining hosts in this series.As indicated in the Introduction, the work reported here was part of a planned investigation into the epidemiology of leptospirosis. Some of the early material was collected by Dr M. J. Mackerras, Dr R. L. Doherty, Mrs D. G. Delamoir, and Miss C. J. Ross, who had previously been stationed at the Institute's Field Station, and we are indebted to Mr D. W. Lavers, Mr S. G. Knott, and Mr R. E. Dunham, of the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock, for a number of sera from domestic animals. Many of the mammals were identified by Dr W. A. McDougall, of the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Stock, Mr E. le G. Troughton, then of the Australian Museum, Sydney, Mr B. J. Marlow, then of the C.S.I.R.O. Wildlife Section, Canberra, and by Dr J. L. Harrison, Dr M. J. Mackerras, and Mr R. Domrow of the Institute. We are indebted also to Mrs M. Macgregor, Librarian of the Institute, for considerable help with the literature.

scholarly journals Feeding behavior and activity of Phlebotomus pedifer and potential reservoir hosts of Leishmania aethiopica in southwestern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. e0007947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myrthe Pareyn ◽  
Abena Kochora ◽  
Luca Van Rooy ◽  
Nigatu Eligo ◽  
Bram Vanden Broecke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Southwestern Ethiopia ◽  
Leishmania Aethiopica ◽  
Potential Reservoir ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

scholarly journals Trypanosome diseases of domestic animals in Uganda II.—Trypanosoma brucei ( Plimmer and Bradford )

1910 ◽  
Vol 83 (561) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
The North ◽  
North Latitude ◽  
Coloured Plate

This species was only met with on one occasion during the work of the Commission in 1909. This was in the blood of an ox from the Mabira Rubber Estate (latitude 0° 30′ N., longitude 32° 55′ E.). The manager wrote that the animal came from the Bukedi District, about 100 miles to the north (latitude 1° 50′ N., longitude 32° 40′ E.). Not much is known of this district, as it has only recently come under administration, and therefore it is impossible to say whether the ox was infected in Bukedi or on the journey south. This is the species of trypanosome which was first discovered by Bruce, in 1894, in Zululand, to be the cause of Nagana, or tsetse-fly disease. During the work of the Sleeping Sickness Commission of the Royal Society in 1903, it was also met with in a herd of cattle from the same district of Bukedi, and then described as the “Jinja trypanosome.” It is impossible to name with any certainty the trypanosome seen in 1903, which affected the horses, camels, and dogs of the Abyssinian Boundary Commission. This was described as the “Abyssinian trypanosome.” Its morphology, as given in the coloured plate, shows it to be similar to Trypanosoma brucei , so that in all likelihood it was either this species or the closely related Trypanosoma evansi . As camels were infected, it was more probably the latter.

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