Dialysis decision making in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
JK McKenzie ◽  
AH Moss ◽  
TG Feest ◽  
CB Stocking ◽  
M Siegler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom

A study of the functions of political appointees from a comparative perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 205789112110369
Author(s):  
Jun Makita
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Real ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Political Appointees

In this article, the functions of political appointees have been classified by an index on the relation between politics and bureaucracy. Based on that classification, the real states of four democracies, the United States, the United Kingdom, France and Japan, have been examined. From this study, the causation consisting of the politico-administrative relation (concretely, the insider-outsider factor and the line-staff factor), the independent value, and the political appointees' functions (advice, decision-making and interface between politicians and civil servants), the dependent value, has been confirmed. Through this examination from a comparative perspective, a proposal of generalization about the political appointees' functions has been presented.

scholarly journals Landscape of Participant-Centric Initiatives for Medical Research in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan: Scoping Review (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nao Hamakawa ◽  
Rumiko Nakano ◽  
Atsushi Kogetsu ◽  
Victoria Coathup ◽  
Jane Kaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Scoping Reviews

BACKGROUND Information and communication technology (ICT) has made remarkable progress in recent years and is being increasingly applied to medical research. This technology has the potential to facilitate the active involvement of research participants. Digital platforms that enable participants to be involved in the research process are called participant-centric initiatives (PCIs). Several PCIs have been reported in the literature, but no scoping reviews have been carried out. Moreover, detailed methods and features to aid in developing a clear definition of PCIs have not been sufficiently elucidated to date. OBJECTIVE The objective of this scoping review is to describe the recent trends in, and features of, PCIs across the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan. METHODS We applied a methodology suggested by Levac et al to conduct this scoping review. We searched electronic databases—MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), Embase (Excerpta Medica Database), CINAHL (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature), PsycINFO, and Ichushi-Web—and sources of grey literature, as well as internet search engines—Google and Bing. We hand-searched through key journals and reference lists of the relevant articles. Medical research using ICT was eligible for inclusion if there was a description of the active involvement of the participants. RESULTS Ultimately, 21 PCIs were identified that have implemented practical methods and modes of various communication activities, such as patient forums and use of social media, in the field of medical research. Various methods of decision making that enable participants to become involved in setting the agenda were also evident. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review is the first study to analyze the detailed features of PCIs and how they are being implemented. By clarifying the modes and methods of various forms of communication and decision making with patients, this review contributes to a better understanding of patient-centric involvement, which can be facilitated by PCIs. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT RR2-10.2196/resprot.7407

The penholder system and the rule of law in the Security Council decision-making: Setback or improvement?

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-156
Author(s):  
Marie-Eve Loiselle
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Security Council ◽  
The United States ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Council Decision

AbstractThis article analyses the decision-making process of the UN Security Council when it adopts outcome documents, such as resolutions, Presidential statements and press statements. It is commonly assumed that because of their veto power and permanency China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States have greater influence than their elected counterparts in shaping those outcomes. In recent years, that control has been strengthened by the penholdership system. Under this practice, one or more members, usually France, the United States or the United Kingdom (P3), take leadership over a situation on the agenda of the Council. When ‘holding the pen’ a member often decides what action the Council should take, then drafts an outcome document that it negotiates with other permanent members before sharing the text with elected members. This article explores the development of this practice and its impact on the respect for the rule of law in the Security Council’s decision-making process. It argues that, while concentrating power in the hands of the P3, hence diminishing transparency and the opportunity for all members to participate in the decision-making of the Council, at the same time the penholdership system also provides an avenue to strengthen elected members’ influence in ways that promote respect for the international rule of law.

scholarly journals Landscape of Participant-Centric Initiatives for Medical Research in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan: Scoping Review

10.2196/16441 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. e16441
Author(s):  
Nao Hamakawa ◽  
Rumiko Nakano ◽  
Atsushi Kogetsu ◽  
Victoria Coathup ◽  
Jane Kaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Scoping Reviews

Background Information and communication technology (ICT) has made remarkable progress in recent years and is being increasingly applied to medical research. This technology has the potential to facilitate the active involvement of research participants. Digital platforms that enable participants to be involved in the research process are called participant-centric initiatives (PCIs). Several PCIs have been reported in the literature, but no scoping reviews have been carried out. Moreover, detailed methods and features to aid in developing a clear definition of PCIs have not been sufficiently elucidated to date. Objective The objective of this scoping review is to describe the recent trends in, and features of, PCIs across the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan. Methods We applied a methodology suggested by Levac et al to conduct this scoping review. We searched electronic databases—MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), Embase (Excerpta Medica Database), CINAHL (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature), PsycINFO, and Ichushi-Web—and sources of grey literature, as well as internet search engines—Google and Bing. We hand-searched through key journals and reference lists of the relevant articles. Medical research using ICT was eligible for inclusion if there was a description of the active involvement of the participants. Results Ultimately, 21 PCIs were identified that have implemented practical methods and modes of various communication activities, such as patient forums and use of social media, in the field of medical research. Various methods of decision making that enable participants to become involved in setting the agenda were also evident. Conclusions This scoping review is the first study to analyze the detailed features of PCIs and how they are being implemented. By clarifying the modes and methods of various forms of communication and decision making with patients, this review contributes to a better understanding of patient-centric involvement, which can be facilitated by PCIs. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/resprot.7407

To be or not to be a mother?

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
JaneMaree Maher ◽  
Lise Saugeres
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Fertility Decision ◽  
Good Mother ◽  
Life Decisions ◽  
Dominant Discourses

This article is based on a recently completed study of fertility decision-making in Victoria, Australia. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 100 women, it explores how dominant discourses of mothering influence women in their life decisions about children. While much research indicates that all women negotiate dominant ideals of good mothering, our findings suggest that such stereotypes need to be further broken down, since women with and without children respond to different aspects of such ideals. For women who have children, images of the ‘good mother’ are less prevalent than pragmatic concerns about how to manage mothering. Women without children, in contrast, understand mothering as all-encompassing and potentially overwhelming. These findings suggest that Australian women share ideals and assumptions about mothering with their counterparts in the United Kingdom and the United States, but they also point to an increasing gap between how mothering is viewed and how it is practised.

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