Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome[mdash ]Associated cancers in Sub-Saharan Africa

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaiyeola O. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and JC Virus Genotypes in West African Patients With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

1999 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 395-403
Author(s):  
Sylvester C. Chima ◽  
Hansjürgen T. Agostini ◽  
Caroline F. Ryschkewitsch ◽  
Sebastian B. Lucas ◽  
Gerald L. Stoner
Keyword(s):  
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Jc Virus ◽  
West African ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Virus Genotypes ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
African Patients ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Abstract Objective—Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is caused by polyomavirus JC in immunosuppressed patients. JC virus genotypes are identified by sequence analysis of the viral genome. Despite the prevalence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in sub-Saharan Africa, few cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy have been reported from this region. Here we describe 4 African cases and provide an analysis of viral genotypes. Methods.—Immunohistochemical staining by labeled streptavidin-biotin for capsid protein antigen was performed on all cases. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of viral genomic DNA was followed by direct cycle sequencing. Results.—JC virus type 3 was identified in 2 cases, and type 6 was isolated in 1 case. The viral regulatory region from 1 case showed an uncommon rearrangement pattern. Conclusions.—Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in West African patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is caused by African genotypes of JC virus (types 3 and 6). The prevalence of disease in this autopsy series from sub-Saharan Africa (1.5%) was less than has been reported from Europe and the United States (4% to 10%) and may be partly due to biological differences in JC virus genotypes. Further studies will be needed to confirm this observation.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Pneumocystosis in Sub-Saharan Africa and Helminth Immune Modulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Luis Fonte ◽  
María Ginori ◽  
Enrique J. Calderón ◽  
Yaxsier de Armas
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Pneumocystis Pneumonia ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Sub-Saharan Africa is the region of the world with the highest prevalence of helminth infections. To protect themselves from the defensive mechanisms of their respective hosts, helminths modulate their immune responses. This modulation has relevant clinical and epidemiological consequences, including the inhibition of inflammatory processes that characterize infection by other microorganisms. Severe Pneumocystis pneumonia is characterized by an intense inflammatory reaction that can lead to death. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is the main predisposing factor to the development of pneumocystosis. Although the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has led to a notable decline in the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated complications, pneumocystosis continues to be an important global health problem. Despite the high incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in the sub-Saharan region, the prevalence of Pneumocystis pneumonia there has been lower than expected. Several factors, or combinations thereof, may contribute to this evolution. Here, we hypothesize the possible role of helminth immune modulation as an important issue at play. On the other hand, and looking ahead, we believe that the immune modulation achieved by helminths may be an important factor to consider during the design and evaluation processes of vaccines against Pneumocystis jirovecii to be used in Sub-Saharan Africa. The requirements of a balanced triggering of different types of immune responses for controlling the infection produced by this microorganism, as observed during experiments in animal models, support this final consideration.

scholarly journals Analysis of HIV/AIDS Epidemic and Socioeconomic Factors in Sub-Saharan Africa

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuman Sun ◽  
Zhiming Li ◽  
Huiguo Zhang ◽  
Haijun Jiang ◽  
Xijian Hu
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv Aids

Sub-Saharan Africa has been the epicenter of the outbreak since the spread of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) began to be prevalent. This article proposes several regression models to investigate the relationships between the HIV/AIDS epidemic and socioeconomic factors (the gross domestic product per capita, and population density) in ten countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, for 2011–2016. The maximum likelihood method was used to estimate the unknown parameters of these models along with the Newton–Raphson procedure and Fisher scoring algorithm. Comparing these regression models, there exist significant spatiotemporal non-stationarity and auto-correlations between the HIV/AIDS epidemic and two socioeconomic factors. Based on the empirical results, we suggest that the geographically and temporally weighted Poisson autoregressive (GTWPAR) model is more suitable than other models, and has the better fitting results.

Cardiovascular disease: the new epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa

Vascular ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ifechukwude Ikem ◽  
Bauer E Sumpio
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is now facing a double burden of disease where patients are suffering from non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease, along with the burden of the current human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. Due to this double burden, cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention and treatment has been overlooked, allowing the rates to continue to rise unchecked. A series of searches were conducted using PubMed as the primary database. From these searches, journal articles were compiled that related to diabetes, obesity and smoking rates in SSA. Also, the prevalence of CVD in the USA was reviewed. Although the USA has higher rates of CVD now, the rates were on the decline compared with SSA. Due to ‘Westernization’ of SSA, the rates of CVD risk factors, such as diabetes, are expected to increase by 50%. Because of this, 80% of CVD deaths worldwide took place in developing countries like those in SSA. Although HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the current epidemic in SSA, CVD disease poses a threat as the new epidemic because of the increasing rates of these CVD risk factors. Without combating this disease now, SSA is facing an epidemiological shift from AIDS to CVD being the leading cause of death.

scholarly journals Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: A New Connotation for This Deadly Disease

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahid Hussain Khan ◽  
Milad Minagar ◽  
Mohammad Dehghan-Tezerjani
Keyword(s):  
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Deadly Disease ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Contaminated Blood

D uring the last century in the 80s, an outbreak of opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma was reported for the first time in homosexual men [1]. This disease had a fatal outcome and was named as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) due to total loss of CD4+T-lymphocytes. Shortly after it was described, the disease was rampantly found in hemophilic patients, drug addicts using injectable form of illicit drugs, recipients of contaminated blood and infants of affected mothers. Later, in Central Africa, a heterosexual epidemic of AIDS was discovered in women [2-3]. Within a short span of time, AIDS turned out to be the greatest and deadliest pandemic of our times. A retrovirus called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was incriminated as the causative agent of AIDS [4]. An explosive HIV epidemic occurred in Africa, Asia and the former Soviet Union. A global struggle was initiated to combat this highly deadly disease of AIDS. Billions of dollars were allocated and spent to ensure a decline of this malady affecting millions of people worldwide, but years since then, AIDs still hangs like a Damocles sword on our shoulders. Many other countries like the sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe and the Caribbean also became a prey to the deadly virus of HIV finally culminating in a full blown picture of AIDS [5]. About two or perhaps more deaths occur each year from AIDS which is an astronomical figure. Death from AIDS remains a major challenge even today and it seems that we so far we have failed in eradicating HIV and thus AIDS despite huge expenses. The fatal and lethal syndrome colloquially and commonly abbreviated as AIDS in the contemporary literature could be re-designed and re-abbreviated as "Allah's Illness to Destroy the Sinners" (AIDS). This latter connotation of AIDS correctly fits this abominable syndrome of AIDS, since these patients finally face an inevitable and miserable death despite an aggressive and prolonged futile treatment, reinforcing our Islamic belief that Allah (the omniscient and the omnipresent) punishes these victims in the harshest possible manner for the sins they have committed during their life time. We may add that some unfortunate persons like hemophilic patients, recipients of contaminated blood and many others accidentally acquire AIDS and thus do not fall within the list of sinners, and thus should be excluded from the " Sinners' List". To conclude, we may add that We was tempted to put this new concept about AIDS for all our readers and colleagues both in the surgical and the medical fields who might be interested in semantics and advanced literary terminologies.

scholarly journals Reality or utopia: eradication of the AIDS epidemic in Guinea-Bissau by 2030

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (suppl 5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amiry Monteiro Sanca ◽  
Daila Alena Raenck da Silva ◽  
Cristianne Maria Famer Rocha ◽  
Deise Lisboa Riquinho
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Guinea Bissau ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sociocultural Diversity ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Reflective Study ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
International Strategies

ABSTRACT Objectives: to reflect on the implementation of an integrated strategy to eradicate the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic in Guinea-Bissau by 2030. Methods: a reflective study. Reflection: Guinea-Bissau is a Portuguese-speaking country located in Sub-Saharan Africa, in constant political and economic instability. Among its characteristics are sociocultural diversity and high rates of morbidity and mortality from causes related to infection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. In the quest to eradicate the AIDS epidemic by 2030, instituted especially by the United Nations, it is noted that political and socio-cultural factors transformed eradication of the AIDS epidemic by 2030 into a utopia. Final Considerations: international strategies, although ambitious, are considered opportunities for countries to propose and build public policies capable of changing the existing reality.

scholarly journals Morbidity and mortality in the antiretroviral era in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review protocol

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manimani Riziki Ghislain ◽  
AGANZE Gloire-Aime MUSHEBENGE ◽  
NOMBULELO MAGULA
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Review Author ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Review Protocol ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Abstract Background Worldwide, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) remains a public health problem. The prevalence of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the uppermost in the world. Method/design Observational studies will be systematically reviewed reporting on morbidity and mortality in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era in Sub-Saharan Africa. We will search relevant studies from the following databases: PubMed, Medline, CINAHL. Two review authors will independently screen titles abstracts and full text articles in duplicate, extract data and assess the bias. Discrepancies will be resolved by discussion or arbitration of a third review author. The study will use the Preferred Reporting Item of Systematic Review (PRISMA 2015) guideline. Discussion This review will summarise the determinants of morbidity and causes of mortality in the antiretroviral era in Sub-Saharan Africa. The findings of this study will help to improve opportunistic infection’s prevention and clinical outcomes in ART era. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CDR42019141933

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