Chi-square test for trend (2×c contingency table)

2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salim Daya
Keyword(s):  
Contingency Table ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test

An example from the Banbury Enquiry of a three-dimensional contingency table for the chi-square test

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
K. E. Selkirk
Keyword(s):  
Educational Research ◽  
Ability Grouping ◽  
Contingency Table ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Recent Book ◽  
First Year ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Secondary Schooling ◽  
Reasoning Test ◽  
Chi Square Test

A recent book by David Newbold (1977) on the Banbury Enquiry into Ability Grouping contains an analysis of children's choice of friends. The variables concerned are sex, mixed ability/streamed classes, and closeness of ability of the friendship pairs as measured by a verbal reasoning test at the end of the first year of secondary schooling. The method of analysis was such that all three variables were dichotomous. This article re-analyses Newbold's data by using a little known development of the chi-square test and suggests that this technique deserves to be more widely known in educational research.

scholarly journals Influence of Company Size on Accounting Information for Decision-Making of Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Horvat ◽  
Jožica Mojzer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Contingency Table ◽  
Management Accounting ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Management Team ◽  
Company Size ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
A Company

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to show the importance of accounting information for management, especially in medium-sized companies. Sampling was carried out according to the accidental principle, after which we selected 300 medium-sized and large companies. We used the questionnaire, which was standardized and implemented online. Two hypothesis were tested with a chi-square test and contingency table. In this study of Slovenian large and medium companies, we want to find out whether the size of the company has an impact on organizing a specific controlling service in a company and whether, in large companies, heads of accounting are more often members of management than in mediumsized enterprises. We discovered a bias between organizing a specific controlling department and the size of a company, and that large companies have more often organized a special controlling service than medium-sized enterprises. We also discovered the accounting officer’s membership in a company’s management team is not related to the size of a company. The results of the research could be used in controlling in medium-sized companies, where we suggest that management accounting in these companies is part of management decisions.

scholarly journals Alternative Methods of Solving Biasedness in Chi – Square Contingency Table

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Okeke Charles C.
Keyword(s):  
Contingency Table ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Square Contingency Table ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Contingency Coefficient ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Good Statistic ◽  
Phi Coefficient

Some methods of solving the biasedness in Chi–square Contingency table statistic were considered. Phi Coefficient, Contingency Coefficient and Cramer’s V tools were employed to solve the biasedness in the use of Chi–square test. Our results show that any of Phi coefficient, Contingency coefficient or Cramer’s V can be used to describe the association between two variables if the data matrix is 2 x 2. Contingency Coefficient was recommended as a good statistic when the matrix dimension is the same while the Cramer’s V is most adequate when the data matrix differs.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Different Methods to Detect Salmonella in Poultry Feces Samples

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Khaltabadi Farahani ◽  
Maryam Meskini ◽  
Arash Ghalyanchi Langeroudi ◽  
Safoora Gharibzadeh ◽  
Soumya Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Contingency Table ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Molecular Method ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Salmonella is one of the most common causes of food-borne outbreaks and infection worldwide. The gold standard detection method of Salmonella is cultivation. With time-consuming cultivation, there is a need to investigate rapid and accurate processes. The study evaluated different approaches to detect Salmonella in poultry feces samples. Poultry farm feces samples from 21 cities in Iran were collected from January 2016 to December 2019. Microbiological cultures, serological assays, and multiplex PCR (m-PCR) were used to detect and characterize Salmonella spp. isolates. Serological assays and m-PCR were used to determine the serogroups A, B, C1, C2, D1, E, H, and FliC. The m-PCR was used for the detection of seven Salmonella serovars and a chi-square test was performed to compare the discriminatory power of the methods. Out of 2300 poultry feces samples, 173 (7.5%) and 166 (7.2%) samples were detected as Salmonella spp. by cultivation and m-PCR, respectively. The sensitivity of the molecular method was equal to cultivation at 0.96 (CI = 95%). Assessment of H antigenic subgroups showed the same for both m-PCR and serological tests. Therefore, the matching rate of the two methods for detection of all H antigenic subgroups was 100%. Thus, the relationship between the results obtained from both methods was significant in the contingency table test (P < 0.01). The PCR-based approach confirmed the detection of Salmonella in a shorter period (24–36 hours) compared to the conventional microbiological approach (3–8 days).

scholarly journals Diagnostic Serologic Testing of Cage and Aviary Birds for Chlamydiosis and Suggested Confirmatory Testing

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Grimes ◽  
Francisco Arizmendi ◽  
Craig N. Carter ◽  
Loyd Sneed
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Contingency Table ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Chlamydial Antibody ◽  
Paired Serum

A 2 × 2 contingency table was constructed to demonstrate the relationships between detectable Chlamydial antibody activity and clinical health status of tested birds. The table revealed that 65.5% of clinically ill birds were antibody positive by elementary body agglutination (EBA) (≥10 titers) and 59.0% were antibody positive by latex agglutination (LA). Thus, EBA was slightly more sensitive than LA in detecting antibody activity. Of the clinically normal birds, 96.7% were antibody negative (< 10 titers) by EBA and 98.3% were antibody negative by LA. Individual serum or plasma samples from a group of mixed types of psittacine birds and cockatiels were tested as a separate group, and relationships between EBA-detectable antibody activity and health status were obtained from a 2 × 2 contingency table. Sixty-six percnt of birds clinically ill with signs of chlamydiosis in the mixed-type group were antibody positive, whereas only 32.3% of clinically ill cockatiels were antibody positive. Statistical analysis of the contingency table using a chi-square test demonstrated that the EBA test differentiates between individual birds on the basis of health status ( P < 0.001). When testing paired serum or plasma samples by EBA, LA, and direct complement fixation (DCF), the highest percentage of significant (≥ 4–fold change) titer decreases was detected by LA, and the highest percentage of significant titer increases was detected by DCF. Examples of EBA, LA, and DCF titers in paired and multiple serum or plasma samples are presented to show the variety of responses that can occur. Results reflected variations seen in individual testing of birds with titer variability seen in the first sample tested. Additional types of testing believed necessary for confirming or ruling out an infectious process in birds are outlined. The current interpretations of serologic results are given.

scholarly journals Contextual analysis of fragmentation of the anthropomorphic figurines from the Late Neolithic site of Selevac

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 809-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Porčić
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Contingency Table ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Biographical Approach ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Original Size

The biographical approach to material culture and the hypothesis of deliberate fragmentation of anthropomorphic figurines are used in this paper to deduce a hypothesis that there should be an association between particular fragmentation categories and context types in the archaeological record of the Late Neolithic settlements in Central Balkans. This hypothesis is tested using published data from the site of Selevac by performing correspondence analysis and chi-square test on a contingency table in which categories of fragmentation are cross-tabulated with context types. The results are statistically significant, suggesting that complete figurines are associated with houses while transversely broken figurines are associated with pits. There is also evidence that figurines were broken differentially in respect to their original size.

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