An example from the Banbury Enquiry of a three-dimensional contingency table for the chi-square test

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
K. E. Selkirk
Keyword(s):  
Educational Research ◽  
Ability Grouping ◽  
Contingency Table ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Recent Book ◽  
First Year ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Secondary Schooling ◽  
Reasoning Test ◽  
Chi Square Test

A recent book by David Newbold (1977) on the Banbury Enquiry into Ability Grouping contains an analysis of children's choice of friends. The variables concerned are sex, mixed ability/streamed classes, and closeness of ability of the friendship pairs as measured by a verbal reasoning test at the end of the first year of secondary schooling. The method of analysis was such that all three variables were dichotomous. This article re-analyses Newbold's data by using a little known development of the chi-square test and suggests that this technique deserves to be more widely known in educational research.

Correlation between Listening Anxiety and Listening Strategies of Chinese Postgraduate Students of Science and Engineering: A Case Study at SUES

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengli Wang
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
First Year ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Listening Anxiety ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Listening Proficiency ◽  
Listening Strategies

<p>English listening is one of the five basic skills such as listening, speaking, reading, writing and translation that a Chinese postgraduate should acquire, and it is also the most significant one. In this study, 194 first-year postgraduate students at Shanghai University of Engineering Science were invited to report their strategies use and listening anxiety in the questionnaire with the 5-Likert Indirect Foreign Language Listening Strategies Scale and the 5-Likert Foreign Language Listening Anxiety Scale. The SPSS13.0 was used to analyze the descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, Chi-square test and One-way ANOVA, which indicated a medium listening anxiety and a medium level of strategies use. Metacognitive strategies were more frequently used than social and affective strategies, the correlation between listening proficiency and listening anxiety was significantly negative, correlation between listening proficiency and indirect listening strategies was significantly positive, and that between indirect listening strategies and listening anxiety was significantly negative. Indirect listening strategies were useful to allay listening anxiety and would be incorporated into our normal classroom teaching.</p>

scholarly journals Investigating More Effective and Less Effective EFL Learners’Attitudes and Motivational Orientation

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Yousefi Halvaei ◽  
Ali Akbar Ansarin
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Graduate Program ◽  
Motivational Orientation ◽  
Classroom Teaching ◽  
First Year ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Motivational Orientations ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Research Questions

The present study investigated the differences in attitudes and motivation between more effective and less effective learners studying at the first year of graduate university program. Based on this aim, first, the researcher developed the three-part 35-item attitude-motivation questionnaire of the present study based on the AMTB developed by Gardner (1985). Second, he selected 441 students (224 male & 217 female) studying at the first year of their graduate program at universities in East Azarbayjan province (Iran) as the participants of the study. Third, he administered the questionnaire of the study to the selected participants and asked them to complete it. Finally, he analyzed the data of the study in order to answer the mentioned research questions. The chi-square test was utilized to analyze the collected data of the study. The results of the study showed that there were significant differences between more effective and less effective learners’ attitudes and motivation. Based on the results of the study, it was argued that, the EFL syllabus designers and teachers should help the learners to become aware of their attitudes, and motivational orientations. Furthermore, they should make an effort to tailor classroom materials and classroom teaching to the EFL learners’ individual differences.

scholarly journals Prevalence of oral habits in children

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 272
Author(s):  
Pedro Diniz Rebouças Rebouças ◽  
Levy Sombra de Oliveira ◽  
Henrique Matos Costa Lima ◽  
Lorena Walesca Macedo Rodrigues ◽  
Regina Glaucia Lucena Aguiar Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Study ◽  
First Year ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Absolute Frequency ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Oral Habits ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Epidemiological Profile ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Objective: this quantitative descriptive study aimed to evaluate the presence of deleterious oral habits and associated factors in children attending the Amadeu Barros Leal day care in Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Material and Methods: the sample consisted of 75 children (51% of girls) aged 0 to 5 years. Data were collected through the application of a structured questionnaire to the parents or guardians and analyzed statistically with Fisher’s exact or Chi-square test, considering a 95% confidence interval. The results were expressed as absolute frequency and percentage. Results: 89% of the children participating in the study were breastfed, and 43.5% of them were breastfed at least until the first year of age. As much as 19% of the children slept with their mouths open and 39% used a pacifier, 56.7% of which used it constantly during the day and at night. About 91% of children used a feeding bottle, and most of bottles (79%) did not have an orthodontic nipple. In addition, 60% of children aged 24-36 months had the deleterious habit of grinding their teeth. Conclusion: in the present study, we investigated children from 0 to 5 years old and observed that this age group is predisposed to deleterious oral habits. In this way, more studies that trace a safe epidemiological profile aiming to reduce these harmful habits are extremely necessary.

Est-il possible de définir un profil plus efficace? Comparaison entre enseignants français et italiens

CADMO ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 65-94
Author(s):  
Francesca Corradi
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Reggio Emilia ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
General View ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Teachers Attitudes

Kindergarten teachers' attitudes toward immigrant children and children of immigrant families is the subject of research conducted between 2009 and 2010. The study compares teachers in the public schools of Avignon, France, with state school teachers of Reggio Emilia, Italy. The analysis conducted mainly considered relations between two variables. However, the research tools used (participant observation, Likert type-scale questionnaire and semi-structured interviews) also allowed for the triangulation of data. The intent of this article is to elaborate on the methodological contribution to the research using multivariate analysis. This analysis provides both three-dimensional representations of the teachers' attitudes as well as individualized representations of relevant relations between variables. The statistic test of the null hypotheses, the "chi-square test" is used. The analysis points out attitude and behaviour differences between Reggio Emilia teachers and Avignon teachers. Differences are mostly observed in the synchronic dimension data analysis. Nevertheless, if the point of observation is changed and data are studied in the diachronic dimension, that general view demonstrates how a current historical period influences educational choices within a particular educational system and consequently influences teachers' attitudes.

Double diapering facilitates hip maturation in newborns: a prospective randomised control study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei C. Lee ◽  
Hsuan K. Kao ◽  
Mei C. Chen ◽  
Wen E Yang ◽  
Shih M. Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Hip Dysplasia ◽  
Alpha Angle ◽  
First Year ◽  
Type I ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Maintaining the hips in flexion and abduction posture is a common recommendation to facilitate hip maturation in infants. Double diapering helps to maintain a baby’s hips in flexion and abduction posture, but the efficacy of double diapers in hip development has never been verified. We investigated whether double diapering results in greater improvement of the alpha angle in the first months of life. Methods This prospective randomised control study enrolled newborns with Graf type IIa hips. Babies were assigned to the double-diaper or single-diaper group. Parents were instructed on proper hip positioning, except for diapering. Change in the alpha angle from newborn to 1 month after birth, rate of improvement to bilateral Graf type I hips in 1 month, and number of ultrasound examinations and orthopaedic clinic visits in the first year were compared between the two groups. For babies with bilateral IIa hips, we used the averaged data from both hips, and for babies with unilateral IIa hips, we used the data from the IIa hips. Results Seventy newborns with 102 type IIa hips were included from January to December 2017. They were allocated to the double-diaper group (N=33) and single-diaper group (N=37). With a comparable sex ratio, gestational age, and newborn alpha angle, the double-diaper group had a greater increase of alpha angles in 1 month than the single-diaper group (+7.9° vs. +5.2°, t-test, p=0.011). Twenty-eight babies in the double-diaper group (84.8%) and 20 babies in the single-diaper group (54.1%) improved to having bilateral Graf type I hips (chi-square test, p=0.006). Subsequent clinical visits and hip ultrasounds before 1 year were significantly reduced in the double-diaper group. Conclusions Our results support double diapering for enhancing hip maturation in babies with Graf type IIa hips. The amount of improvement may not indicate double diapering as a treatment for hip dysplasia, but its effects in immature hips are noteworthy in reducing further clinical and ultrasound follow-ups.

scholarly journals Pharmacology Curriculum and Teaching Methods: A Comparative Study Between Two Nursing Programs in A Nepalese College

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Manoj Sharma ◽  
Kumud Kumar Kafle
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Nursing Programs ◽  
P Value ◽  
First Year ◽  
Teaching Methodology ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Course Content ◽  
Bachelor Of Science ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Academic Year

Introduction: Pharmacology is one of the basic science subjects included in graduate nursing programs (B. Sc Nursing and Bachelor of Science in Nursing) under Tribhuvan University. Both these programs are being run at our institute. This article describes the evaluation of pharmacology course and teaching methodology at our institute by B. Sc Nursing (B. Sc) and Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BNS) students and also compares students’ views between these two nursing programs to facilitate pedagogical learning. Methods: At the end of the course of 2071-2072 BS academic year of first year nursing students of B. Sc and BNS programs, a structured teaching evaluation questionnaire was designed to obtain students’ view on pharmacology curriculum and lectures. Yates corrected Chi square test was applied whenever necessary and p value considered significant at less than or equal to 0.05.Results: Only 37% B. Sc and 60% BNS students responded that the lecture content was in accordance with the curriculum. Only 52% BNS and 97% B. Sc students found the course content to be relevant and useful. 68% BNS students responded that they have felt a lot improvement in their understanding of pharmacology subject as compared to just 23% of B. Sc students. Majority of the students preferred the LCD mode of presentation.Conclusion: There were minor differences found between opinions of two sets of students. Major need for improvement areas suggested in curriculum were course content not being clear and the objectives being ill defined. Similarly, in relation to facilitator, they have recommended to improve voice clarity.

scholarly journals 2512. Decreasing Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy over 4 Years of Follow-up in a Commercially-Insured Population of Patients with HIV

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S872-S872
Author(s):  
Julie Priest ◽  
Rachel Bhak ◽  
Maral DerSarkissian ◽  
Cindy Garris ◽  
Alan Oglesby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Index Date ◽  
Claims Data ◽  
First Year ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Proportion Of Days Covered ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract Background This study compared yearly and longer term antiretroviral (ARV) adherence among HIV patients overall and by single-tablet regimens (STRs) vs. multi-tablet regimens (MTRs). Methods A retrospective study using Optum Clinformatics US-based claims data was conducted. Patients with an HIV-1 diagnosis during 2011–2017, age ≥ 18 years at index (date of first complete ARV regimen during the study period), and continuous enrollment for ≥ 3 months before index (baseline) and ≥ 12 months after index (observation) were included. MTRs were required to be comprised of 3 or more agents across at least 2 classes. Adherence was measured as the proportion of days covered (PDC) and compared using a Chi-square test. PDC was examined in the 1-year observation period for the overall analysis, and each year following index among patients with at least 4 years of continuous data. A subgroup analysis was conducted among patients with index during 2014–2016 to evaluate modern ARV adherence. Results Among the 15,153 included patients, median age was 45 years, the majority were male (88%), and 53% were in the South. At baseline, 58% (n = 8,715) were receiving an STR and 43% (n = 6,438) an MTR. Compared with STR patients, MTR patients had higher prevalence of hyperlipidemia (36% vs. 29%), cardiovascular disease (27% vs. 21%), and hypertension (25% vs. 20%). During year 1, the proportion of patients with PDC ≥ 0.90 was 63% overall (Table 1), and greater for STR than MTR (67% vs. 58%, P < .001). Among patients with at least 4 years of observation, PDC ≥ 0.90 decreased over time (from 67% in year 1 to 53% in year 4). In the subgroup of patients with index during 2014–2016 (Table 2), similar but slightly worse trends were observed, with PDC ≥ 0.90 for 57% of patients overall, and decreasing over time for those patients with at least 3 years of observation (59% in year 1 to 42% in year 3). Conclusion Adherence in this population of patients with HIV showed room for improvement in the first year of observation overall and in the modern ARV era, with those receiving STRs having higher adherence when compared with those receiving MTRs. For the patients with 4 years of follow-up, adherence tended to decrease year on year. Maintaining high rates of ARV adherence is a critically important aspect of therapy for patients with HIV. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

DRUG PRESCRIPTION PROFILE AND PERINATAL DETERMINANTS DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE

2015 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. e1.33-e1
Author(s):  
Daniele Piovani ◽  
Antonio Clavenna ◽  
Chiara Pavoni ◽  
Maurizio Bonati
Keyword(s):  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
Drug Prescription ◽  
Drug Prescriptions ◽  
First Year ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Lombardy Region ◽  
Drug Classes ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
First Year Of Life

The aim of the study was to investigate the drug prescription profile during the first year of life in a cohort of newborns, and the influence of perinatal and socio-demographic factors on drug prescription.A total of 61,479 neonates born in 2011 were included. The data source was the database of reimbursed prescriptions of the Lombardy region, Italy. Drug prescriptions were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system. Drug prevalence was calculated as the percentage of neonates receiving at least one drug prescription in one year. Chi-square test was used to compare prevalence of drug prescription in males and females.In all, 42,204 infants (68.7%) received at least one drug prescription, with a prevalence slightly higher in males than females (71.1% versus 66.1%; χ2=178 p<0.01). The drug classes most commonly prescribed in the first year of life were antibiotics (39.5% of infants), anti-asthmatics (32.6%), and corticosteroids for systemic use (9.8%).The median age of first prescription was 20.6 (Interquartile range: 9.4–33.3) weeks. Males received the first prescription about one week before females (20.1 versus 21.3, respectively). The first prescription concerned mainly anti-asthmatics (40.5%), and antibiotics (37.9%), and amoxicillin (16.3%), beclomethasone (16.0%), and amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (15.0%) were the most prescribed drugs.In conclusion, in the first year of life, 7 out of 10 infants received drug prescriptions. Males were more exposed than females, a finding consistent with the epidemiology of diseases in infancy. The analysis concerning the influence of maternal and perinatal factors is ongoing.

scholarly journals Knowledge and Practices of Mothers towards Infant Oral Health Care in Their Children’s First Year of Life

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-229
Author(s):  
Mayara Delfino Sentone Rossato ◽  
Márjori Frítola ◽  
Paulo Henrique Rossato ◽  
Valéria Campos Mariano Francelino ◽  
Regina Célia Poli-Frederico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
First Year ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
First Year Of Life

AbstractThis study aimed to assess mothers’ oral health-related knowledge and practices in immediate and late puerperium, and in the child’s first year of life. This study is a prospective cohort study, in which data were collected from 358 mothers of children born between 2013 and 2014, in immediate and late puerperium, and in children’s first year of life, by interviews with sociodemographic characterization and oral health questionnaires, and were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Chi-square test (α = 5%). Participants were mainly aged 20 to 29 years (53.9%), with 7 to 11 years of education (67.6%), from low social class (72.3%), unemployed (58.9%), married or in common-law marriage (84.1%), with more than one child (60.1%). Although 51.7% of them had received information about children’s oral health, only 0.8%, 32.4% and 13.7%, respectively, knew the concept, etiology and preventive attitudes regarding dental caries. Mothers aged under 20 and over 30 years, with lower education and from low social class presented significantly lower oral health-related knowledge. At children’s first year of life, although 78.7% of the children had already been taken to the dentist, half of them had already tasted sugary foods and drinks. It is highlighted the social determination and the need of an improvement of mothers’ oral health related knowledge and practices. Educational actions, especially in prenatal programs, are important to achieve this improvement and to decrease early childhood caries rates.Keywords: Dental Caries. Child. Health Knowledge Attitudes, Practice. Parents. Oral Health.ResumoAvaliar o conhecimento e as práticas de mães sobre a saúde bucal de seus filhos no puerpério imediato, tardio, e no primeiro ano de vida da criança. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte prospectiva, no qual os dados foram coletados de 358 mães de bebês nascidos entre 2013 e 2014, no puerpério imediato, tardio e um ano após o parto, por entrevistas com perguntas sobre dados sociodemográficos e sobre saúde bucal. Os dados foram analisados por estatísticas descritivas e pelo teste Qui-quadrado (α = 5%). As participantes apresentavam, majoritariamente, idades entre 20 a 29 anos (53,9%), com 7 a 11 anos de estudo (67,6%), eram de baixa classe social (72,3%), desempregadas (58,9%), casadas ou em união estável (84,1%), e tinham mais de um filho (60,1%). Apesar de 51.7% delas afirmarem ter recebido informações sobre saúde bucal infantil, apenas 0,8%, 32,4% e 13,7%, respectivamente, sabiam o conceito, etiologia e as atitudes preventivas à cárie. Mães com idades abaixo de 20 e acima de 29 anos apresentaram menor conhecimento sobre saúde bucal do que as demais. No primeiro ano de vida, apesar de 78,7% das crianças já terem ido ao dentista, metade delas já havia experimentado alimentos e bebidas açucarados. Destaca-se a determinação social e a necessidade de melhora no conhecimento e práticas das mães sobre saúde bucal. Ações educativas, especialmente em programas de atenção pré-natal, são importantes para atingir essa melhora e, consequentemente, diminuir as taxas da cárie na primeira infância. Palavras-chave: Cárie Dentária. Criança. Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Práticas em Saúde. Pais. Saúde Bucal.

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