Mechanical and Metabolic Responses during High-intensity Training in Elite 800-m Runners

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Bachero-Mena ◽  
Juan José González-Badillo
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
High Level ◽  
Intensity Training

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to describe the mechanical and metabolic responses of a typical high-intensity training session in high-level 800-m athletes. Nine male high-level 800-m athletes (personal best 1:43–1:56 min:ss) performed a typical high-intensity interval training session consisting of 5×200 m with 4 min rest. Countermovement jump and blood lactate were measured at rest and after each running bout. Running times, ground contact times, and stride length were also measured. Running times and lactate (p<0.01) progressively increased from the first to the last running bout. Jump height (p<0.01) and stride length (p<0.05) progressively decreased from the first running bout to the last. A significant negative relationship (p<0.001; r =−0.83) was found between the individual values of jumping height and blood lactate concentration; and a significant positive relationship (p<0.01; r=0.67) was observed between the time in the 200 m and the contact times. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that the typical training session performed by 800-m athletes produced a high level of fatigue as evidenced by significant alterations in the mechanical and metabolic response. The impairments observed in the mechanical and metabolic parameters may indirectly reflect a state of energy deficit of the muscle contractile machinery and a reduction of the force-generating capacity.

Extremely short duration high-intensity training substantially improves endurance performance in triathletes

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 976-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Jakeman ◽  
Simon Adamson ◽  
John Babraj
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Effective Training ◽  
Intensity Training

High-intensity training (HIT) involving 30-s sprints is an effective training regimen to improve aerobic performance. We tested whether 6-s HITs can improve aerobic performance in triathletes. Six subelite triathletes (age, 40 ± 9 years; weight, 86 ± 11 kg; body mass index, 26 ± 3 kg·m–2) took part in cycle HIT and 6 endurance-trained subelite athletes (age, 36 ± 9 years; weight, 82 ± 11 kg; BMI, 26 ± 3 kg·m–2) maintained their normal training routine. Before and after 2 weeks of HIT, involving 10 × 6-s sprints or normal activity, participants performed a self-paced 10-km time trial and a time to exhaustion test on a cycle ergometer. Finger prick blood samples were taken throughout the time to exhaustion test to determine blood lactate concentration. Two weeks of HIT resulted in a 10% decrease in self-paced 10-km time trial (p = 0.03) but no significant change in time to exhaustion. The time taken to reach onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA, defined as the point where blood lactate reaches 4 mmol·L–1) was significantly increased following 2 weeks of HIT (p = 0.003). The change in time trial performance was correlated to the change in time taken to reach OBLA (R2 = 0.63; p = 0.001). We concluded that a very short duration HIT is a very effective training regimen to improve aerobic performance in subelite triathletes and this is associated with a delay in blood lactate build-up.

scholarly journals Can Supplementation of Vitamin D Improve Aerobic Capacity in Well Trained Youth Soccer Players?

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Jastrzębska ◽  
Mariusz Kaczmarczyk ◽  
Małgorzata Michalczyk ◽  
Łukasz Radzimiński ◽  
Piotr Stępień ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
High Level ◽  
Intensity Training

AbstractThere is no clear evidence that vitamin D effectively improves physical capacity in high-level athletes. The aim of this study was to confirm that vitamin D supplementation of soccer players during eight-week high-intensity training would have a significant effect on their aerobic capacity. The subjects were divided into two groups: the experimental one that was supplemented with vitamin D (SG, n = 20), and the placebo group (PG, n = 16), not supplemented with vitamin D. All the players were subjected to the same soccer training described as High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT). The data of the vitamin D level, PWC170, lactate threshold (LT) were collected just before and after the intervention. A significant increase in vitamin D concentration (119%) was observed in the supplemented group, while the non-supplemented group showed a decrease of 8.4%. The studied subjects improved VO2max results by 20% in the SG, and by 13% in the PG. The improvement in velocity at the LT was similar in both groups. Results of this study show that vitamin D can have a positive, though moderate, effect on aerobic performance in players subjected to high-intensity training in the form of small-sided games for 8 weeks.

scholarly journals Training Intensity and Shoulder Musculoskeletal Physical Quality Responses in Competitive Swimmers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matias Yoma ◽  
Lee Herrington ◽  
Tanya Anne Mackenzie ◽  
Timothy Alejandro Almond
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Training Intensity ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Competitive Swimmers ◽  
Dominant Side ◽  
Intensity Training

Context Shoulder pain is the main cause of missed or modified training in competitive swimmers. Shoulder musculoskeletal maladaptations occur to some extent as a consequence of training loads during swimming that may increase the risk of shoulder injury. Further evidence is needed to understand the training intensities at which these maladaptations occur. Objective To determine the acute effect of training intensity on the shoulder musculoskeletal physical qualities associated with shoulder injury in competitive swimmers. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Indoor swimming pool. Patients or Other Participants Sixteen asymptomatic national- and regional-level swimmers (7 females, 9 males; age = 14.6 ± 3.9 years, height = 160.5 ± 12.7 cm, mass = 55.3 ± 12.5 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s) Bilateral active shoulder-rotation range of motion (ROM), joint position sense, latissimus dorsi length, combined elevation test, and shoulder-rotation isometric peak torque and handgrip peak force normalized to body weight were measured before and immediately after low- and high-intensity swim-training sessions. The intensity of the sessions was determined by the distance swum over or at the pace threshold and confirmed by the swimmer's rating of perceived exertion. Results After the high-intensity training session, shoulder external-rotation ROM (dominant side: P &lt; .001, change = −7.8°; d = 1.10; nondominant side: P = .002, change = −6.5°, d = 1.02), internal-rotator isometric peak torque (dominant side: P &lt; .001, change = −11.4%, d = 0.42; nondominant side: P = .03, change = −6.6%, d = 0.20), and external-rotator isometric peak torque (dominant side: P = .004, change = −8.7%, d = 0.27; nondominant side: P = .02, change = −7.6%, d = 0.25) were reduced. No changes were found in any of the outcome measures after the low-intensity session. Conclusions Shoulder active external-rotation ROM and rotation isometric peak torque were decreased immediately after a high-intensity training session, possibly increasing the risk of injury during subsequent training. Monitoring these variables may help practitioners adjust and manage training loads to decrease the risk of shoulder injury.

scholarly journals Hydration Status and Fluid Replacement Strategies of High-Performance Adolescent Athletes: An Application of Machine Learning to Distinguish Hydration Characteristics

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 4073
Author(s):  
Haresh T. Suppiah ◽  
Ee Ling Ng ◽  
Jericho Wee ◽  
Bernadette Cherianne Taim ◽  
Minh Huynh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Balance ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Hydration Characteristics ◽  
Intensity Training

There are limited data on the fluid balance characteristics and fluid replenishment behaviors of high-performance adolescent athletes. The heterogeneity of hydration status and practices of adolescent athletes warrant efficient approaches to individualizing hydration strategies. This study aimed to evaluate and characterize the hydration status and fluid balance characteristics of high-performance adolescent athletes and examine the differences in fluid consumption behaviors during training. In total, 105 high-performance adolescent athletes (male: 66, female: 39; age 14.1 ± 1.0 y) across 11 sports had their hydration status assessed on three separate occasions—upon rising and before a low and a high-intensity training session (pre-training). The results showed that 20–44% of athletes were identified as hypohydrated, with 21–44% and 15–34% of athletes commencing low- and high-intensity training in a hypohydrated state, respectively. Linear mixed model (LMM) analyses revealed that athletes who were hypohydrated consumed more fluid (F (1.183.85)) = 5.91, (p = 0.016). Additional K-means cluster analyses performed highlighted three clusters: “Heavy sweaters with sufficient compensatory hydration habits,” “Heavy sweaters with insufficient compensatory hydration habits” and “Light sweaters with sufficient compensatory hydration habits”. Our results highlight that high-performance adolescent athletes with ad libitum drinking have compensatory mechanisms to replenish fluids lost from training. The approach to distinguish athletes by hydration characteristics could assist practitioners in prioritizing future hydration intervention protocols.

scholarly journals Individual Adaptation in Cross-Country Skiing Based on Tracking during Training Conditions

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
Martin ◽  
Hadmaș
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Functional Adaptation ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Stress Indicator ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Intensity Training

Research on heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and blood pressure (BP) during specific training stages is less common in endurance athletes, whereas resting BP and HR are less studied in relationship to HRmax. In the current study, the objective was to conduct a medium-term HR, BP and MAP analysis while tracking individual training outcomes. The study was conducted during the 2017–2018 season, over 43 days and 1033 km of training volume, on 12 competitive male cross-country ski athletes. One VO2max test was performed 10 days before the start of the training program. After the test, training volume and intensity was preset for each subject, according to the general training methodology. Early morning HR, MAP and BP measurements were taken as part of the basic functional analysis. Training volume was correlated to both distance (p = 0.01, r = 0.85, CI95% = 0.80 to 0.88) and training HR%, namely the percentage of HRmax (p = 0.01, r = −0.47, CI95% = −0.58 to −0.34). Both the supine (sHR) and orthostatic HR (oHR) values were significantly correlated with the training intensity. We obtained a significant correlation between sHR and oHR values and the training objective (p = 0.01). An increased oHR was correlated to high intensity training activity (HIT) during the second training session (p = 0.01). Heart rate and blood pressure measurements represent predictive functional adaptation parameters over different training phases. We highlight a link between sHR, oHR, MAP data, and the athletes’ ability to perform in lower effort zones during physical exertion. However, we failed to validate MAP as a cardiovascular stress indicator following high intensity training.

Transferable Benefits of Cycle Hypoventilation Training for Run-Based Performance in Team-Sport Athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1103-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Woorons ◽  
François Billaut ◽  
Henry Vandewalle
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Normal Breathing ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Intensity Training

Purpose: To determine whether high-intensity training with voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume (VHL) in cycling could improve running performance in team-sport athletes. Methods: Twenty well-fit subjects competing in different team sports completed, over a 3-week period, 6 high-intensity training sessions in cycling (repeated 8-s exercise bouts at 150% of maximal aerobic power) either with VHL or with normal breathing conditions. Before (Pre) and after (Post) training, the subjects performed a repeated-sprint-ability test (RSA) in running (12 × 20-m all-out sprints), a 200-m maximal run, and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 test (YYIR1). Results: There was no difference between Pre and Post in the mean and best velocities reached in the RSA test, as well as in performance and maximal blood lactate concentration in the 200-m-run trial in both groups. On the other hand, performance was greater in the second part of the RSA test, and the fatigue index of this test was lower (5.18% [1.3%] vs 7.72% [1.6%]; P < .01) after the VHL intervention only. Performance was also greater in the YYIR1 in the VHL group (1468 [313] vs 1111 [248] m; P < .01), whereas no change occurred in the normal-breathing-condition group. Conclusion: This study showed that performing high-intensity cycle training with VHL could improve RSA and possibly endurance performance in running. On the other hand, this kind of approach does not seem to induce transferable benefits for anaerobic performance.

scholarly journals Bioelectrical Impedance Vector and Creatine Phosphokinase Changes Induced by a High-Intensity Training Session in Rink Hockey Players

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 751
Author(s):  
Álex Cebrián-Ponce ◽  
Manuel V. Garnacho-Castaño ◽  
Mercè Castellano-Fàbrega ◽  
Jorge Castizo-Olier ◽  
Marta Carrasco-Marginet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Impedance Vector ◽  
Intensity Training

This study aimed to analyze anthropometric and whole-body/muscle-localized bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) adaptations and their relation to creatine kinase (CK) as a biomarker of muscle damage in a group of seven male players in the maximum category of professional rink hockey. There were three checkpoint assessments in relation to a high-intensity training session: pre-session (PRE), post-session (POST), and 24 h-post-session (POST24H). The resistance, reactance, and impedance module were adjusted by height (R/h, Xc/h, and Z/h, respectively). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the data at baseline and follow-up, while Spearman correlation was used to explore the relationship between CK and the rest of the parameters. The results registered a decrease in body mass at POST (p = 0.03) and a reestablishment at POST24H (p = 0.02). Whole-body BIVA registered a significant increase in R/h between PRE–to–POST (p = 0.02) and returned to baseline values at POST24H (p = 0.02), which was expected since this parameter is related to hydration processes. Muscle-localized BIVA in the rectus femoris muscle showed an increase in both Xc/h and phase angle in POST (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03, respectively) and a decrease in Xc/h at POST24H (p = 0.02). CK correlated with R/h in the rectus femoris at all the checkpoints (PRE–to–POST: r = 0.75, p = 0.05; PRE–to–POST24H: r = 0.81, p = 0.03; POST–to–POST24H: r = 0.82, p = 0.02). Our results indicate that BIVA is a sensitive methodology to assess general and muscle-localized hydration induced by a high-intensity training session in rink hockey players. A correlation between BIVA and CK was also reported.

scholarly journals Effects of high-intensity training on MCT1, MCT4, and NBC expressions in rat skeletal muscles: influence of chronic metabolic alkalosis

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (4) ◽  
pp. E916-E922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Thomas ◽  
David Bishop ◽  
Tom Moore-Morris ◽  
Jacques Mercier
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Metabolic Alkalosis ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Ph Regulation ◽  
Training Session ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Intensity Training

This study investigated the effects of high-intensity training, with or without induced metabolic alkalosis, on lactate transporter (MCT1 and MCT4) and sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBC) content in rat skeletal muscles. Male Wistar rats performed high-intensity training on a treadmill 5 times/wk for 5 wk, receiving either sodium bicarbonate (ALK-T) or a placebo (PLA-T) prior to each training session, and were compared with a group of control rats (CON). MCT1, MCT4, and NBC content was measured by Western blotting in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) skeletal muscles. Citrate synthase (CS) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) activities and muscle buffer capacity (βm) were also evaluated. Following training, CS and PFK activities were significantly higher in the soleus only ( P < 0.05), whereas βm was significantly higher in both soleus and EDL ( P < 0.05). MCT1 (PLA-T: 30%; ALK-T: 23%) and NBC contents (PLA-T: 85%; ALK-T: 60%) increased significantly only in the soleus following training ( P < 0.01). MCT4 content in the soleus was significantly greater in ALK-T (115%) but not PLA-T compared with CON. There was no significant change in protein content in the EDL. Finally, NBC content was related only to MCT1 content in soleus ( r = 0.50, P < 0.01). In conclusion, these results suggest that MCT1, MCT4, and NBC undergo fiber-specific adaptive changes in response to high-intensity training and that induced alkalosis has a positive effect on training-induced changes in MCT4 content. The correlation between MCT1 and NBC expression suggests that lactate transport may be facilitated by NBC in oxidative skeletal muscle, which may in turn favor better muscle pH regulation.

scholarly journals Physical, Physiological, and Technical Demands in Ultimate Frisbee Small-Sided Games: Influence of Pitch Size

Sports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Masanobu Kajiki ◽  
Yuto Yamashita ◽  
Ryosuke Inada ◽  
Takaaki Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Ultimate Frisbee ◽  
Intensity Training ◽  
Mean Heart Rate

Small-sided games (SSGs) are common drills used in various team sports, but the exercise intensity in ultimate Frisbee SSG has not yet been investigated. To clarify the physical, physiological, and technical demands of ultimate Frisbee SSG, we investigated the influence of pitch size on exercise intensity during SSG. Nine male college ultimate Frisbee players played (3 vs. 3) SSG on small (SSGS: 30 × 15 m) and large (SSGL: 40 × 20 m) pitches; both SSGs comprised of four 4 min periods, interspersed by 5 min of passive recovery. Players’ mean heart rate (170 ± 8 and 171 ± 7 bpm), peak heart rate (184 ± 7 and 184 ± 5 bpm), and blood lactate concentration (11.3 ± 4.7 and 11.8 ± 4.6 mmol/L) were similar in SSGS and SSGL, respectively. The total distance covered (1984 ± 166 m and 1702 ± 80 m) and the distance covered during quick (860 ± 112 m and 696 ± 69 m) and high-intensity running (439 ± 95 and 255 ± 44) in SSGL were significantly longer than those in SSGS (p < 0.05). Conversely, the number of accelerations (45 ± 3 and 41 ± 3) and decelerations (44 ± 3 and 40 ± 4), catching errors (2 ± 1 and 1 ± 1), and turnovers (8 ± 2 and 6 ± 2) in SSGS were significantly greater than those in SSGL (p < 0.05). This study suggests that ultimate Frisbee SSG provides high-intensity training, which stimulates the glycolytic pathway. Furthermore, manipulating SSG pitch size effectively modulates the physical demands of SSG.

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