scholarly journals Individual Adaptation in Cross-Country Skiing Based on Tracking during Training Conditions

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
Martin ◽  
Hadmaș
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Functional Adaptation ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Stress Indicator ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Intensity Training

Research on heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and blood pressure (BP) during specific training stages is less common in endurance athletes, whereas resting BP and HR are less studied in relationship to HRmax. In the current study, the objective was to conduct a medium-term HR, BP and MAP analysis while tracking individual training outcomes. The study was conducted during the 2017–2018 season, over 43 days and 1033 km of training volume, on 12 competitive male cross-country ski athletes. One VO2max test was performed 10 days before the start of the training program. After the test, training volume and intensity was preset for each subject, according to the general training methodology. Early morning HR, MAP and BP measurements were taken as part of the basic functional analysis. Training volume was correlated to both distance (p = 0.01, r = 0.85, CI95% = 0.80 to 0.88) and training HR%, namely the percentage of HRmax (p = 0.01, r = −0.47, CI95% = −0.58 to −0.34). Both the supine (sHR) and orthostatic HR (oHR) values were significantly correlated with the training intensity. We obtained a significant correlation between sHR and oHR values and the training objective (p = 0.01). An increased oHR was correlated to high intensity training activity (HIT) during the second training session (p = 0.01). Heart rate and blood pressure measurements represent predictive functional adaptation parameters over different training phases. We highlight a link between sHR, oHR, MAP data, and the athletes’ ability to perform in lower effort zones during physical exertion. However, we failed to validate MAP as a cardiovascular stress indicator following high intensity training.

scholarly journals Intensive training and reduced volume increases muscle FXYD1 expression and phosphorylation at rest and during exercise in athletes

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (7) ◽  
pp. R659-R669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Thomassen ◽  
Thomas P. Gunnarsson ◽  
Peter M. Christensen ◽  
Davor Pavlovic ◽  
Michael J. Shattock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Intense Exercise ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Eukaryotic Elongation Factor ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Intensity Training

The present study examined the effect of intensive training in combination with marked reduction in training volume on phospholemman (FXYD1) expression and phosphorylation at rest and during exercise. Eight well-trained cyclists replaced their regular training with speed-endurance training (10–12 × ∼30-s sprints) two or three times per week and aerobic high-intensity training (4–5 × 3–4 min at 90–95% of peak aerobic power output) 1–2 times per week for 7 wk and reduced the training volume by 70%. Muscle biopsies were obtained before and during a repeated high-intensity exercise protocol, and protein expression and phosphorylation were determined by Western blot analysis. Expression of FXYD1 (30%), actin (40%), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (12%), phospholamban (PLN) (16%), and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) γ/δ (25%) was higher ( P < 0.05) than before the training intervention. In addition, after the intervention, nonspecific FXYD1 phosphorylation was higher ( P < 0.05) at rest and during exercise, mainly achieved by an increased FXYD1 Ser-68 phosphorylation, compared with before the intervention. CaMKII, Thr-287, and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 Thr-56 phosphorylation at rest and during exercise, overall PKCα/β, Thr-638/641, and mTOR Ser-2448 phosphorylation during repeated intense exercise as well as resting PLN Thr-17 phosphorylation were also higher ( P < 0.05) compared with before the intervention period. Thus, a period of high-intensity training with reduced training volume increases expression and phosphorylation levels of FXYD1, which may affect Na+/K+ pump activity and muscle K+ homeostasis during intense exercise. Furthermore, higher expression of CaMKII and PLN, as well as increased phosphorylation of CaMKII Thr-287 may have improved intracellular Ca2+ handling.

Changes In Heart Rate Recovery After High Intensity Training In Well-trained Cyclists

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Robert P. Lamberts ◽  
Jeroen Swart ◽  
Timothy D. Noakes ◽  
Michael I. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Intensity Training

scholarly journals Effect of acupuncture on heart rate variability during prolonged high-intensity training in soccer players

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 636-642
Author(s):  
Lin Shihang ◽  
Wichai Eungpinithpong ◽  
Amonrat Jumnainsong ◽  
Somchai Rattanathongkom
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Intensity Training

Changes in heart rate recovery after high-intensity training in well-trained cyclists

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 705-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Lamberts ◽  
Jeroen Swart ◽  
Timothy D. Noakes ◽  
Michael I. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Intensity Training

Effects of Manipulating Volume and Intensity Training in Masters Swimmers

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 907-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Pugliese ◽  
Simone Porcelli ◽  
Matteo Bonato ◽  
Gaspare Pavei ◽  
Antonio La Torre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Threshold ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Intensity Training

Purpose:Recently, some studies have suggested that overall training intensity may be more important than training volume for improving swimming performance. However, those studies focused on very young subjects, and/or the difference between high-volume and high-intensity training was blurred. The aim of this study was to investigate in masters swimmers the effects of manipulation of training volume and intensity on performance and physiological variables.Methods:A group of 10 male masters swimmers (age 32.3 ± 5.1 y) performed 2 different 6-wk training periods followed by 1 wk of tapering. The first period was characterized by high training volume performed at low intensity (HvLi), whereas the second period was characterized by low training volume performed at high intensity (LvHi). Peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak) during incremental arm exercise, individual anaerobic threshold (IAT), and 100-m, 400-m, and 2000-m-freestyle time were evaluated before and at the end of both training periods.Results:HvLi training significant increased V̇O2peak (11.9% ± 4.9% [mean change ± 90%CL], P = .002) and performance in the 400-m (–2.8% ± 1.8%, P = .002) and 2000-m (–3.4% ± 2.9%, P = .025), with a likely change in IAT (4.9% ± 4.7%, P > .05). After LvHi training, speed at IAT (12.4% ± 5.3%, P = .004) and 100-m performance (–1.2% ± 0.8%, P = .001) also improved, without any significant changes in V̇O2peak, 2000-m, and 400-m.Conclusions:These findings indicate that in masters swimmers an increase of training volume may lead to an improvement of V̇O2peak and middle- to long-distance performance. However, a subsequent period of LvHi training maintains previous adjustments and positively affects anaerobic threshold and short-distance performance.

scholarly journals Training Intensity and Shoulder Musculoskeletal Physical Quality Responses in Competitive Swimmers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matias Yoma ◽  
Lee Herrington ◽  
Tanya Anne Mackenzie ◽  
Timothy Alejandro Almond
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Training Intensity ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Competitive Swimmers ◽  
Dominant Side ◽  
Intensity Training

Context Shoulder pain is the main cause of missed or modified training in competitive swimmers. Shoulder musculoskeletal maladaptations occur to some extent as a consequence of training loads during swimming that may increase the risk of shoulder injury. Further evidence is needed to understand the training intensities at which these maladaptations occur. Objective To determine the acute effect of training intensity on the shoulder musculoskeletal physical qualities associated with shoulder injury in competitive swimmers. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Indoor swimming pool. Patients or Other Participants Sixteen asymptomatic national- and regional-level swimmers (7 females, 9 males; age = 14.6 ± 3.9 years, height = 160.5 ± 12.7 cm, mass = 55.3 ± 12.5 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s) Bilateral active shoulder-rotation range of motion (ROM), joint position sense, latissimus dorsi length, combined elevation test, and shoulder-rotation isometric peak torque and handgrip peak force normalized to body weight were measured before and immediately after low- and high-intensity swim-training sessions. The intensity of the sessions was determined by the distance swum over or at the pace threshold and confirmed by the swimmer's rating of perceived exertion. Results After the high-intensity training session, shoulder external-rotation ROM (dominant side: P &lt; .001, change = −7.8°; d = 1.10; nondominant side: P = .002, change = −6.5°, d = 1.02), internal-rotator isometric peak torque (dominant side: P &lt; .001, change = −11.4%, d = 0.42; nondominant side: P = .03, change = −6.6%, d = 0.20), and external-rotator isometric peak torque (dominant side: P = .004, change = −8.7%, d = 0.27; nondominant side: P = .02, change = −7.6%, d = 0.25) were reduced. No changes were found in any of the outcome measures after the low-intensity session. Conclusions Shoulder active external-rotation ROM and rotation isometric peak torque were decreased immediately after a high-intensity training session, possibly increasing the risk of injury during subsequent training. Monitoring these variables may help practitioners adjust and manage training loads to decrease the risk of shoulder injury.

scholarly journals The Effects of Creatine on Blood Pressure Before, and After High Intensity Training

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Schmitz ◽  
Tyler Jakes
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Placebo Control ◽  
Division Iii ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference

It is known that systolic blood pressure (SBP) drops five to seven mmHg for 22 hours immediately after a workout in individuals the have moderate hypertension, and that in individuals with optimal blood pressure (BP), one can expect to see a drop of four to five mmHg for over the following 22 hours. Creatine (CRE), one of the most recognized supplemental aids to enhance performance of high-intensity exercise, has convincingly substantiated its ergogenic potential (Naderi et al. 2016). However, little has been researched on the connection between creatine and blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of CRE on BP after a bout of high intensity strength training on Division III football players at Gustavus Adolphus College. This study is a one sample research design. Each athlete had their blood pressure measured four total times. One resting BP was taken before the consumption of CRE and the other was taken 18-22 hours after the consumption of creatine. The same was done when each subject participated in the control group as well. The subjects were given the creatine or placebo (control) at random for their first trial and then given the opposite for the second trial one week later. The independent variable was consumption of CRE. The dependent variables were SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The difference in SBP and DBP between the trials were calculated and analyzed using a paired sample t-test. Results showed that CRE trial BPs were slightly higher than in control trials although the difference was not significant (p&lt;0.05). The results of the study gave a better understanding of the effects of CRE on BP after a high intensity strength training session.

scholarly journals Heart Rate Responses during High-Intensity Functional Training in Child Female Gymnasts

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Andreas Salagas ◽  
Olyvia Donti ◽  
Gregory C. Bogdanis
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Female Child ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Functional Training ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Female Gymnasts

AIM: Energy supply in artistic gymnastics is derived mainly through the anaerobic metabolism, due to the brief duration of the competitive routines. However, during training, gymnasts perform repetitive exercises and routines, which may require aerobic adaptations, in order to recover fast and maintain high quality of execution. To improve this aspect of fitness, coaches use high-intensity interval circuit training with sport-specific exercises. Despite the popularity of this training method, there is limited information regarding the demands placed on aerobic metabolism, especially in very young athletes. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine heart rate responses during a high-intensity functional training session in female child gymnasts, to indirectly assess the contribution of aerobic energy metabolism. MATERIAL & METHOD: Seventeen girls aged 9.8 ± 0.8 years (height, 1.38 ± 0.10 m; body mass, 33.7 ± 7.25 kg) performed two 5-min sets, each consisting of five rounds of five gymnastics exercises (5–7 s work and equal rest) executed at maximal effort. The two sets were separated by a 3-min recovery period. Prior to the main measurement, athletes performed a 20-m shuttle run test until exhaustion where maximum heart rate (HRmax) was measured and the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) was estimated. Heart rate was continuously monitored during all sessions using a Polar team 2 system. RESULTS: VO2max was 47.8 ± 3.0 mL kg-1 min-1 and HRmax was 207 ± 5 bpm. During the first set, peak HR was 192 ± 7 bpm and average HR was 171 ± 8 bpm (83% HRmax). During the second set, peak HR was 196 ± 8 bpm and average HR was increased to 186 ± 6 bpm (90% HRmax, p < 0.001 compared with set 1). The time during which HR was above 90% of HRmax was 2.0 ± 1.2min in set 1 and increased to 3.4 ± 1.7 min in set 2 (p < 0.01). HR recovery was similar after both sets, with HR decreasing by about 30% (to 139 ± 7 bpm and 134 ± 10 bpm) after 2 min (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that high-intensity training using sport-specific exercises increases HR to levels above 90% HRmax for extended time periods. Thus, this type of training may be an appropriate stimulus for concurrent improvements in muscle strength/power and aerobic fitness.

scholarly journals Hydration Status and Fluid Replacement Strategies of High-Performance Adolescent Athletes: An Application of Machine Learning to Distinguish Hydration Characteristics

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 4073
Author(s):  
Haresh T. Suppiah ◽  
Ee Ling Ng ◽  
Jericho Wee ◽  
Bernadette Cherianne Taim ◽  
Minh Huynh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Balance ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Hydration Characteristics ◽  
Intensity Training

There are limited data on the fluid balance characteristics and fluid replenishment behaviors of high-performance adolescent athletes. The heterogeneity of hydration status and practices of adolescent athletes warrant efficient approaches to individualizing hydration strategies. This study aimed to evaluate and characterize the hydration status and fluid balance characteristics of high-performance adolescent athletes and examine the differences in fluid consumption behaviors during training. In total, 105 high-performance adolescent athletes (male: 66, female: 39; age 14.1 ± 1.0 y) across 11 sports had their hydration status assessed on three separate occasions—upon rising and before a low and a high-intensity training session (pre-training). The results showed that 20–44% of athletes were identified as hypohydrated, with 21–44% and 15–34% of athletes commencing low- and high-intensity training in a hypohydrated state, respectively. Linear mixed model (LMM) analyses revealed that athletes who were hypohydrated consumed more fluid (F (1.183.85)) = 5.91, (p = 0.016). Additional K-means cluster analyses performed highlighted three clusters: “Heavy sweaters with sufficient compensatory hydration habits,” “Heavy sweaters with insufficient compensatory hydration habits” and “Light sweaters with sufficient compensatory hydration habits”. Our results highlight that high-performance adolescent athletes with ad libitum drinking have compensatory mechanisms to replenish fluids lost from training. The approach to distinguish athletes by hydration characteristics could assist practitioners in prioritizing future hydration intervention protocols.

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