The Potential for Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Sport: A Cricket Case Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rory England ◽  
Nicholas Peirce ◽  
Thamindu Wedatilake ◽  
Joseph Torresi ◽  
Simon Kemp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Relative Orientation ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Airborne Transmission ◽  
Event Duration ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Video Footage ◽  
Compound Effect

AbstractA review of risk factors affecting airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was synthesised into an ‘easy-to-apply’ visual framework. Using this framework, video footage from two cricket matches were visually analysed, one pre-COVID-19 pandemic and one ‘COVID-19 aware’ game in early 2020. The number of opportunities for one participant to be exposed to biological secretions belonging to another participant was recorded as an exposure, as was the estimated severity of exposure as defined from literature. Events were rated based upon distance between subjects, relative orientation of the subjects, droplet generating activity performed (e. g., talking) and event duration. In analysis we reviewed each risk category independently and the compound effect of an exposure i. e., the product of the scores across all categories. With the application of generic, non-cricket specific, social distancing recommendations and general COVID-19 awareness, the number of exposures per 100 balls was reduced by 70%. More impressive was the decrease in the most severe compound ratings (those with two or more categories scored with the highest severity) which was 98% and the reduction in exposures with a proximity <1 m, 96%. Analysis of the factors effecting transmission risk indicated that cricket was likely to present a low risk, although this conclusion was somewhat arbitrary omitting a comparison with a non-cricketing activity.

scholarly journals Identification of Risk Factors Affecting PPP Waste-to-Energy Incineration Projects in China: A Multiple Case Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Liu ◽  
Chenjunyan Sun ◽  
Bo Xia ◽  
Sai Liu ◽  
Martin Skitmore
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Multiple Case Study ◽  
Risk Identification ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Risk Allocation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Multiple Case

Waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration technologies are considered an effective solution for sustainable and efficient municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal in China, and the public-private partnership (PPP) arrangement has been widely used to construct and operate WTE incineration projects. However, PPP WTE incineration projects in China are affected by numerous risks due to the long concession period, various participants, and other factors commonly involved in PPPs, resulting in a number of failures. In light of the pivotal role that risk identification, analysis, and response play in the successful development of PPP WTE incineration projects, this paper presents a multiple case study to identify the risk factors involved in China by drawing on experience from the real-life risk events of 35 PPP WTE incineration plants. 18 risk factors are identified; the most critical of which being public opposition risk, environmental pollution risk, government decision-making risk, a defective legal and regulatory system, and MSW supply risk. The results of the study provide a solid foundation for the future risk analysis, risk allocation, and risk response of PPP WTE incineration projects, and shed light on performance improvement of the PPP WTE incineration projects as well as the development of the PPP WTE industry in China.

The Tatmadaw Legacy and Beyond

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-51
Author(s):  
Fabio Armao
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Democratic Transition ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Transition Theory ◽  
Stress Tests ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Political Sphere ◽  
The Social

The ongoing democratisation process in Myanmar represents one of the most relevant ‘stress tests’ for the democratic transition theory. This theory actually considers stateness as a prerequisite for democracy; and, consequently, concentrates mainly on the mode of progression of the state from dictatorship to representative government. We assume, on the contrary, that, particularly after 1989, the very idea of stateness is being questioned more and more (and not only in developing countries). This paper does not intend to add original data relative to Myanmar’s recent history. It rather aims to shed some new light on Myanmar’s democratisation process, approaching the issue as a specific case-study of democratic transition affected by clustered sovereignty. The introduction will attempt to explain the main methodological prerequisites of the paper. The article will then analyse the three main risk factors affecting the democratisation process in Myanmar: (1) the (in)ability to neutralise the autonomous centres of power equipped with means of coercion and return them to a shared political sphere; (2) the (in)ability to integrate different intra-group networks in the shared political sphere; (3) the (in)ability to eliminate or at least reduce the social inequalities, detaching them from the shared political sphere.

Assessment of the Neonatal Respiratory System

1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-408
Author(s):  
Keri Barrett Leblanc ◽  
Francine Elise Forestell
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Nursing Interventions ◽  
Nursing Process ◽  
Nursing Assessment ◽  
Respiratory Dysfunction ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Respiratory Status ◽  
Nursing Diagnoses

The nursing process related to alteration in respiratory status provides a framework to review information about neonatal respiratory assessment. The information includes definitions of terms used to document nursing observations. Risk factors affecting an alteration in respiratory status are outlined and diseases associated with respiratory dysfunction, many unique to the neonate, are discussed including the pathophysiology and defining characteristics. Nursing diagnoses are briefly stated. Presentation of a case study demonstrates the nursing interventions based on on the assessments made on the infant with progressing respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). An evaluation is made of the effect of nursing assessment on changing an infant’s respiratory status. Keys to accurate nursing assessment of neonatal respiratory status are observation, recognition of contributory disease processes, and implementation and evaluation of appropriate nursing interventions

scholarly journals Risk factors affecting length of stay of cats in an animal shelter: A case study at the Guelph Humane Society, 2011–2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
pp. 44-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Janke ◽  
Olaf Berke ◽  
Tyler Flockhart ◽  
Shane Bateman ◽  
Jason B. Coe
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Animal Shelter ◽  
Factors Affecting

Studying the Birth Outcome in Tikrit Teaching Hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-57
Author(s):  
Areej Noaman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Birth Outcome ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Healthy Baby ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Healthy Mother

  Background : A successful birth outcome is defined as the birth of a healthy baby to a healthy mother. While relatively low in industrialized world, maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality and neonatal deaths occur disproportionately in developing countries. Aim of the Study: To assess birth outcome and identify some risk factors affecting it for achieving favorable birth outcome in Tikrit Teaching Hospital

Factors Affecting The Sustainability Of The Asphalt Roads: A Case Study Of Irbid Inner Ring Road, Jordan

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 93-94
Author(s):  
Eng. Nasr Ahmad Eng. Nasr Ahmad ◽  
◽  
Dr. Mihai Iliescu
Keyword(s):  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ring Road

Factors Affecting Financial Literacy of Vietnamese Adults: A Case Study for Hanoi and Nghe An

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tue Nguyen Dang
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Financial Behaviors ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
Literacy Level

This research examines the factors affecting the financial literacy of Vietnamese adults. Using a sample of 266 observations of adults in 2 big cities in Vietnam (Hanoi and Vinh in Nghe An Province), the author evaluates the literacy level of adults in these urban areas. The financial literacy of the interviewed people is low. The multiple regression results show that lower financial literacy levels associate with higher age and married status and higher financial literacy levels associate with higher education, more family members, the person making financial decisions and the person attending a useful financial course. This research also explores the association between financial literacy and financial behaviors of individuals employing logistic models. It is found that higher financial literacy associates with less probability of overspending and higher probability of saving money and careful spending. Higher financial literacy is also found to associate with higher probability of opening a savings account and making various investments. 

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